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| Preface: Why and How You Should Use Pocket Keys for Speakers | |
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| Keys to Effective Speaking | |
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| Getting Started as a Speaker | |
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| Begin the Speechmaking Process | |
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| The benefits of speechmaking | |
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| Determine why you are speaking | |
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| Understand the Seven Basic Principles of Effective Speaking | |
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| Purpose: Why are you speaking? | |
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| Audience: How will you adapt to your audience? | |
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| Logistics: Where and when will you be speaking? | |
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| Content: What ideas and information should you include? | |
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| Organization: How should you arrange your content? | |
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| Credibility: Are you believable? | |
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| Performance: How should you deliver your speech? | |
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| Reduce Your Speaking Anxiety | |
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| Understand the sources of your nervousness | |
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| Build your confidence | |
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| Use anxiety-reducing techniques | |
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| Listen to Others | |
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| Learn to listen | |
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| Listen to your audience | |
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| Listen to and evaluate other presenters | |
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| Speak Ethically | |
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| Follow ethical principles | |
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| Apply ethical standards to speechmaking | |
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| Avoid plagiarism | |
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| Determining Your Purpose and Topic | |
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| Establish Your Purpose | |
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| Identify your purpose | |
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| Differentiate public and private purposes | |
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| Move from Purpose to Topic | |
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| Select a good topic | |
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| Narrow your topic | |
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| Develop a purpose statement | |
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| Analyzing Your Audience and Adapting Your Presentation | |
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| Analyze and Adapt to Your Audience | |
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| Analyze your audience | |
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| Gather audience information | |
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| Adapt to your audience | |
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| Adapt to cultural differences | |
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| Analyze and Adapt to Logistics | |
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| Analyze and adapt to the setting | |
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| Adapt to time | |
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| Analyze and adapt to the occasion | |
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| Dress for the occasion | |
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| Supporting Your Presentation | |
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| Select Supporting Material | |
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| Find the right types of supporting material | |
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| Search for supporting materials | |
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| Evaluate Your Content | |
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| Test your content | |
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| Keep track of your content | |
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| Cite Your Sources | |
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| Cite your sources in writing | |
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| Use paraphrases | |
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| Cite your sources orally | |
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| Organizing and Outlining Your Presentation | |
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| Organize Your Content | |
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| Select your key points | |
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| Identify your central idea | |
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| Select an organizational pattern | |
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| Order your key points | |
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| Outline Your Presentation | |
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| Create a preliminary (working) outline | |
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| Create a formal outline | |
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| Create a presentation outline | |
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| Connect Your Key Points | |
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| Provide internal previews and summaries | |
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| Include transitions and signposts | |
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| Begin Your Presentation with Flair | |
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| Goals of the introduction | |
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| Ways to begin | |
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| Conclude Your Presentation with Flair | |
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| Goals of the conclusion | |
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| Ways to Conclude | |
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| Generating Credibility and Interest | |
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| Enhance Your Credibility | |
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| Include the components of credibility | |
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| Develop a credible presentation | |
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| Use Effective Language | |
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| Follow the 5C's of style | |
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| Choose effective oral language | |
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| Generate Interest | |
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| Overcome the boredom factor | |
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| Tell stories | |
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| Use humor | |
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| Involve your audience | |
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| Delivering Your Presentation | |
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| Achieve Effective Delivery | |
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| Choose your mode of delivery | |
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| Use notes effectively | |
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| Practice your presentation | |
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| Enhance Your Vocal Delivery | |
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| Vocal characteristics | |
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| Clarity and correctness | |
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| Enhance Your Physical Delivery | |
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| Components of physical delivery | |
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| Delivering mediated presentations | |
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| Use Presentation Aids | |
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| Functions of presentation aids | |
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| Types of presentation aids | |
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| Select appropriate media | |
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| Design effective presentation aids | |
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| Handle presentation aids successfully | |
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| Speaking to Inform and Persuade | |
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| Speak to Inform | |
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| Informative speaking strategies | |
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| Informative speaking tips | |
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| Sample informative presentation outline | |
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| Speak to Persuade | |
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| Adapt to audience attitudes | |
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| Persuasive speaking methods | |
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| Persuasive speaking tips | |
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| Persuasive organizational patterns | |
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| Sample persuasive presentation | |
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| Speaking in Special Contexts | |
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| Adapt to Special Occasions | |
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| Introducing a speaker | |
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| Sample presentation: Introducing a speaker | |
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| Welcoming an audience | |
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| Sample welcoming remarks | |
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| Making a toast | |
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| Sample toast | |
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| Delivering a eulogy | |
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| Sample eulogy | |
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| Learn How to Speak Impromptu | |
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| Impromptu speaking strategies | |
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| Question-and-answer sessions | |
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| "Learn How to Speak in Business Settings | |
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| Business briefings | |
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| Sales presentations | |
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| Speaking in groups | |
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| Team presentations | |
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| Speaking in the Classroom | |
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| Speak to Learn | |
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| Differentiate Written and Oral Reports | |
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| Organize your report like a speech | |
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| Focus on your delivery | |
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| Apply the Seven Principles to Classroom Speaking | |
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| Determine the instructor's purpose | |
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| Adapt to the classroom audience | |
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| Adjust to classroom logistics | |
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| Choose appropriate content | |
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| Organize to meet the assignment | |
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| Enlist your credibility to improve your grade | |
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| Use appropriate delivery | |
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| Adapt to Academic Disciplines | |
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| Arts and humanities | |
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| Engineering and technology | |
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| Science and mathematics | |
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| Social sciences | |
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| Social services | |
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| Business | |
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| Education | |
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| Classroom Debates | |
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| Keys to Style, Grammar, and ESL | |
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| The 5 C's of Style | |
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| The First C: Cut | |
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| Cut wordiness | |
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| Cut formulaic phrases | |
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| The Second C: Check for Action ("Who's Doing What?") | |
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| Ask "Who's doing what?" about subject and verb | |
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| Use caution in beginning a sentence with there or it | |
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| Avoid unnecessary passive voice constructions | |
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| The Third C: Connect | |
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| Apply the principle of consistent subjects | |
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| Connect with transitional words and expressions | |
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| Vary the way you connect and combine your ideas | |
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| Connect ideas and paragraphs | |
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| The Fourth C: Commit | |
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| Commit to critical thinking | |
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| Commit to a point of view | |
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| The Fifth C: Choose Vivid, Appropriate, and Inclusive Words | |
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| Choose vivid and specific words | |
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| Avoid slang, regionalisms, and jargon | |
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| Avoid biased and exclusionary language | |
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| Basic Grammar | |
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| Sentence Snarls | |
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| Tangles: Mixed constructions, faulty comparisons, and convoluted syntax | |
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| Misplaced modifiers | |
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| Dangling modifiers | |
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| Shifts | |
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| Faulty predication | |
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| Definitions and reasons: Avoiding is when and the reason is because | |
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| Lack of parallel structures | |
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| Necessary words in compound structures and comparisons | |
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| Verbs | |
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| Verb forms in Standard English | |
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| Verb forms after auxiliaries | |
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| Verbs commonly confused | |
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| Verb tenses | |
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| Past tense and past participle forms | |
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| Verbs in conditional sentences, wishes, requests, demands, and recommendations | |
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| Passive voice | |
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| Subject-Verb Agreement | |
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| Basic principles | |
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| Words between subject and verb | |
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| Subject after verb | |
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| Tricky subjects | |
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| Collective nouns | |
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| Compound subjects | |
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| Indefinite pronouns | |
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| Quantity words | |
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| Relative clauses (who, which, that) | |
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| Pronouns | |
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| Personal pronouns | |
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| Clear reference | |
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| Agreement with antecedent | |
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| Appropriate use of you | |
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| Who, whom, which, that | |
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| Adjectives and Adverbs | |
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| Correct forms of adjectives and adverbs | |
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| When to use adjectives and adverbs | |
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| Compound adjectives | |
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| Avoiding double negatives | |
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| Comparative and superlative forms | |
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| Avoiding faulty and incomplete comparisons | |
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| For Multilingual Speakers (ESL) | |
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| A, An, and The | |
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| What you need to know about nouns | |
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| Articles: Four basic questions | |
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| Basic rules for articles | |
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| The for a specific reference | |
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| Infinitive, -ing, and -ed Verb Forms | |
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| Verb followed by an infinitive | |
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| Verb followed by -ing (gerund) | |
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| Verb followed by a preposition + -ing | |
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| Verb followed by an infinitive or -ing | |
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| ing and -ed forms as adjectives | |
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| Sentence Structure and Word Order | |
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| Basic rules of order | |
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| Direct and indirect object | |
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| Direct and indirect questions | |
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| Although and because clauses | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Glossaries and Index | |
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| Glossary of Speaking Terms | |
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| Glossary of Usage | |
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| Glossary of Grammatical Terms | |
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| Index | |