| |
| |
Note: Each chapter begins with Getting Started and concludes with a Chapter Summary, Key Terms, Review Questions, Application Questions, and Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction to Psychological Research | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction to the Scientific Method | |
| |
| |
The Scientific Method | |
| |
| |
The Goals of Psychological Research Scientific Hypotheses | |
| |
| |
The Flaws in Scientific Research | |
| |
| |
| |
An Overview of Creating and Testing Hypotheses | |
| |
| |
Beginning the Design: Asking the Question | |
| |
| |
The Research Literature Identifying the Population and Sample | |
| |
| |
Defining the Terminology in the Hypothesis Testing a Hypothesis by Discovering a Relationship | |
| |
| |
Interpreting a Relationship Summary of the Flow of a Study Experimental Research | |
| |
| |
Methods Descriptive Research | |
| |
| |
Methods Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| |
Evaluating a Study: Is It Reliable and Valid | |
| |
| |
Identifying Potential Flaws | |
| |
| |
When Designing a Study Critically Evaluating a Study Understanding Reliability | |
| |
| |
Understanding Validity | |
| |
| |
Dealing with Validity and Reliability | |
| |
| |
When Designing a Study Issues of Validity and Reliability in Descriptive Studies | |
| |
| |
Issues of Validity and Reliability in Experiments | |
| |
| |
Selecting a Design Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| |
Creating a Relaibale and Valid Experiment | |
| |
| |
Selecting the Independent Variable | |
| |
| |
Selecting the Conditions of the Independent Variable | |
| |
| |
Selecting the Dependent Variable | |
| |
| |
Designing the Dependent Variable | |
| |
| |
Controlling Extraneous Variables | |
| |
| |
Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| |
Risk, Deception, and the Ethics of Research | |
| |
| |
Demand Characteristics Research | |
| |
| |
Ethics Research | |
| |
| |
Involving Animals Scientific Fraud | |
| |
| |
Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| |
Controlling Participant Variables | |
| |
| |
Using Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects | |
| |
| |
Designs Participant Variables and Individual Differences | |
| |
| |
How Participant Variables Influence External Validity | |
| |
| |
How Participant Variables Influence a Relationship | |
| |
| |
Controlling Participant Variables in a Between-Subjects | |
| |
| |
Design Controlling Participant Variables in a Within-Subjects | |
| |
| |
Design Controlling Order | |
| |
| |
Effects in a Repeated Measures | |
| |
| |
Design Choosing a Design Putting | |
| |
| |
It All Together | |
| |
| |
| |
The Statistical Analysis of Experiments | |
| |
| |
| |
Applying Descriptive and Inferential Statistics to Simple Experiments | |
| |
| |
Selecting the Statistical Procedures | |
| |
| |
Applying Descriptive Statistics to Experiments | |
| |
| |
Applying Inferential Statistical Procedures | |
| |
| |
Interpreting Significant Results | |
| |
| |
Interpreting Nonsignificant Results | |
| |
| |
Comparing Type I and Type II Errors | |
| |
| |
Statistical Power and Research | |
| |
| |
Design Putting | |
| |
| |
It All Together | |
| |
| |
| |
Designing and Analyzing | |
| |
| |
Multifactor Experiments | |
| |
| |
The Reason for Multifactor Studies | |
| |
| |
The Two-Way Between-Subjects | |
| |
| |
ANOVA Using Counterbalanced Variables to Produce Two-Way Designs | |
| |
| |
The Two-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA | |
| |
| |
The Two-Way Mixed ANOVA | |
| |
| |
The Three-Way Design | |
| |
| |
The Two-Way Chi Square Describing | |
| |
| |
Effect Size | |
| |
| |
A Word about Multivariate Statistics and Meta-Analysis | |
| |
| |
Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| |
Beyond the Typical Laboratory Experiment | |
| |
| |
| |
Correlational Research and Questionnaire Construction | |
| |
| |
The Difference Between True Experiments and Correlational Studies | |
| |
| |
Analyzing Data with Correlational Statistics | |
| |
| |
Additional Uses of Correlation | |
| |
| |
Conducting Research | |
| |
| |
Using Interviews and Questionnaires | |
| |
| |
A Word about Advanced Correlational Procedures | |
| |
| |
Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| |
Field Experiments and Single-Subject | |
| |
| |
Designs Field Experiments | |
| |
| |
Small N Research and the Single-Subject Design | |
| |
| |
Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| |
Quasi-Experiments and Descriptive Designs | |
| |
| |
Understanding Quasi-Experiments | |
| |
| |
Quasi-Independent Variables | |
| |
| |
Involving Participant Variables | |
| |
| |
Quasi-Independent Variables | |
| |
| |
Involving Environmental Events | |
| |
| |
The Time-Series Design | |
| |
| |
The Quasi-Independent Variable of the Passage of Time | |
| |
| |
Descriptive Research | |
| |
| |
A Word about Program Evaluation Putting | |
| |
| |
It All Together | |
| |
| |
| |
Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| |
A Review: Examples of Designing and Evaluating Research | |
| |
| |
Sumary of the Issues | |
| |
| |
When Designing Research | |
| |
| |
| |
An Experiment on Attribution of Arousal | |
| |
| |
| |
An Experiment on Time Perception | |
| |
| |
| |
A Descriptive Study of Fear of Success in Females | |
| |
| |
| |
An Experimental and Correlational Study of Creativity | |
| |
| |
Additional Research Topics | |
| |
| |
Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
Appendix A: Reporting Research Using APA Format | |
| |
| |
An Example Study | |
| |
| |
The Research Literature Overview of a Research Article | |
| |
| |
The Components of an APA-Style Research Article | |
| |
| |
Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| |
Sample APA-Style Research Report | |
| |
| |
| |
Statistical Procedures | |
| |
| |
| |
Measures of Central Tendency | |
| |
| |
| |
Measures of Variability | |
| |
| |
| |
The Two-Sample t-Test | |
| |
| |
| |
The One-Way Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| |
Tukey HSD Post Hoc Comparisons | |
| |
| |
| |
Measures of Effect Size in t-Tests and ANOVA | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Intervals | |
| |
| |
| |
Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Linear Regression, and Standard Error of the Estimate | |
| |
| |
| |
Spearman Correlation Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| |
Chi Square Procedures | |
| |
| |
| |
Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon T Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
Kruskal-Wallis H and Friedman X2 Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
Statistical Tables | |