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| Contents | |
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| Near Eastern Civilizations | |
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| The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Sumerian Heroic Age | |
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| The Epic of the Flood: The Babylonian Noah | |
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| The Reforms of Urukagina: "He established freedom" | |
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| The Shamash Hymn: Moral Religion and Social Justice | |
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| The Laws of Hammurabi: "To further the welfare of the people" | |
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| The Instruction of Ptah-hotep: Early Material Values in Egypt | |
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| Unas Pyramid Incantations: The afterlife of a Pharaoh | |
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| Hymn to the Aton: Religious Reform and Monotheism | |
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| An Egyptian-Hittite Treaty: Imperialism and International Diplomacy | |
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| Sea Peoples' Inscriptions: Egypt and Its Neighbors Under Ramses III | |
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| Ramses III Issuing Equipment to His Troops for the Campaign Against the Sea Peoples | |
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| Ramses III on the March to Zahi Against the Sea Peoples | |
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| Ramses III in Battle with the Land Forces of the Sea Peoples | |
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| Work Songs from Ancient Egypt: Voices of Ordinary Men and Women | |
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| Prism of Sennacherib: An Assyrian King's Wars | |
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| The Old Testament: Hebrew Views on God and on History | |
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| Earliest Relations Between Humans and God | |
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| Hebrew Origins: The Patriarchs | |
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| Bondage and Deliverance | |
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| The Sinai Covenant | |
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| The Song of Deborah: "So perish all thine enemies, O Lord!" | |
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| The People Demand a King: "To govern us like all the nations" | |
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| The United Kingdom of Israel: "A great name, like the name of the great ones of the earth" | |
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| Jeremiah: Prophet of the New Covenant | |
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| A Conquering Messiah: Cyrus the Great and the Persian Empire | |
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| Cyrus' Cylinder: The Chosen of Marduk | |
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| Cyrus as the Messiah: Return of the Jews and the Rebuilding of Jerusalem | |
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| Selected Background Reading | |
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| Greek Civilization: Ancient Greece | |
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| Homer: The Greek Heroic Age | |
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| Hesiod: Changing Times Bring on a Moral Order | |
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| Early Greek Lyric Poetry: Individualism Emergent | |
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| Sappho | |
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| Theognis | |
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| Pindar's Odes to Athletic Victors: The Heroic Ideal | |
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| Solon: Economic and Political Reforms at Athens | |
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| Pisistratus: The Rise of Tyranny at Athens | |
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| Lycurgus: The Spartan Military Machine | |
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| Herodotus: Greece Saved from Persian Conquest | |
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| Pericles' Funeral Oration: An Idealized View of Athenian Democracy and Its Empire | |
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| The Old Oligarch: A Realistic View of Athenian Democracy and Its Empire | |
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| Thucydides, History: The Statesman's Handbook | |
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| The Revolt of Mitylene: "Democracy is incapable of empire." | |
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| The Corcyrean Revolution: The Psychology of Civil War | |
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| The Melian Dialogue: "The strong do what they can and the weak submit." | |
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| The Sicilian Expedition: "Most glorious to the victors, most calamitous to the conquered." | |
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| Xenophon: The Athenians Overthrow Dictatorship 27 Socrates: Philosophy Shifts from Nature to Man | |
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| The Socratic Method: "The unexamined life is not worth living." | |
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| Aristophanes, Clouds: Socrates as Troublemaker: "You will now believe in no god but those we believe in..." | |
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| The Apology of Socrates: "I am that gadfly which God has attached to the state." | |
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| Lysias, The Murder of Erathosthenes: An Athenian Woman's Life: "...I began to trust her...." | |
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| Plato: "Turning the eye of the soul toward the light" | |
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| The Theory of Ideas: The Allegory of the Cave | |
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| The Spiritual Life: Dualism of Body and Soul | |
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| Aristotle: "The philosophy of human affairs" | |
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| The Nicomachaean Ethics: "The good for man" | |
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| The Politics: "A state exists for the sake of the good life." | |
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| Demosthenes Versus Isocrates: "Nationalism" Versus "Internationalism" | |
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| Demosthenes: First Philippic: " Athenians when will you act as becomes you!" | |
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| Isocrates, Address to Philip: "A champion powerful in action" | |
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| Selected Background Reading | |
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| Hellenistic Civilization | |
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| Arrian, History of Alexander the Great: Conqueror and Reformer | |
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| Demetrius: A God Among Men | |
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| Plutarch, Life of Demetrius | |
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| Athenaeus, The Learned Banquet: Ithyphallic Hymn in Honor of Demetrius | |
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| King and City: Antigonus the One-Eyed and Scepsis | |
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| Letter of Antigonus to Scepsis | |
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| Scepsis' Response to Antigonus's Letter | |
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| Euhemerus of Messsene, Sacred History: How Men Became Gods | |
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| Athenaeus, The Learned Banquet: Hellenistic Pomp and Circumstance | |
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| Oil Monopoly of Ptolemy II Philadelphus: Toward a Command Economy | |
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| Plutarch, The Life of Antony: The Portrait of Queen Cleopatra | |
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| Hellenistic Philosophy: The Cynic Counterculture | |
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| Hellenistic Science: Archimedes | |
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| Selected Background Reading | |
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| The Roman Republic | |
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| Livy: The Early Romans | |
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| Preface: "The greatest nation in the world" | |
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| The Rape of Lucretia: Monarchy Abolished | |
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| Horatius at the Bridge: "A noble piece of work" | |
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| Livy: The Foreign Policy of the Roman Republic | |
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| Polybius: The Constitution of the Roman Republic | |
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| Cato the Elder: Traditional Standards in a New Age | |
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| Pseudo-Cicero: How to Get Elected to Public Office in Rome | |
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| Tiberius Gracchus: The Republic at the Crossroads | |
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| Gaius Gracchus: The Republic at the Crossroads, Continued | |
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| The Revolt of Spartacus: The Dangers of a Slave Society | |
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| The Conspiracy of Catiline: The Roman Republic in Decay | |
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| Julius Caesar: The Man and the Statesman | |
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| The Assassination of Julius Caesar: "Liberty! Freedom! Tyranny is dead!" | |
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| Cicero: "An eloquent man who loved his country well" | |
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| Advocate of Property Rights, Greek Philosophy, and the Status Quo | |
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| Champion of Liberty: The Second Philippic | |
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| Lucretius: Epicurean Philosophy at Rome | |
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| Selected Background Reading | |
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| The Roman Empire | |
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| Augustus: The Achievements of the Deified Augustus | |
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| Augustus' Reconstruction of the Roman World: Contrasting Estimates | |
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| Dio Cassius: The "True Democracy" of the Roman Empire | |
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| Tacitus, Annals: "It was really from a lust for power." | |
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| The Pax Romana: Divergent Views | |
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| Tacitus, Histories: "By the prosperity and order of eight hundred years has this fabric of empire been consolidated...." | |
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| Tacitus, Agricola: "They create a desert and cll it peace." | |
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| Aelius Aristides, Oration on Rome: "How is this form of government not beyond every democracy?" | |
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| Rebels Against Rome | |
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| Tacitus, Annals: The Rebellion of Boudicca in Britian | |
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| Josephus, History of the Jewish War: The Futility of Revolt | |
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| Aspects of Roman Slavery | |
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| Varro, On Agriculture: Setting Up a Slave Plantation | |
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| Columella, On Agriculture: Masters and Slaves | |
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| Seneca, Moral Epistle: "...see in him a freeborn man..." | |
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| Capitalism in the Early Empire: From Free Enterprise to State Intervention | |
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| Petronius: A Self-Made Millionaire | |
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| Emergency Measures to Deal with Depression | |
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| The Legal Status of Roman Women | |
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| Juvenal: The Emancipated Women of the Early Empire | |
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| Tacitus: The Early Germans | |
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| Marcus Aurelius: "Either atoms or Providence" | |
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| Apuleius: The Cult of Isis and Religious Syncretism | |
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| Selected Background Reading | |
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| Early Christianity and Late Antiquity | |
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| The New Testament: The Beginnings of Christianity | |
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| The Teachings of Jesus: "Turn away from your sins! The Kingdom of heaven is near!" | |
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| The Work of Paul | |