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| General Chemistry | |
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| Basic Concepts About Matter | |
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| Chemistry: The Study of Matter | |
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| Physical States of Matter | |
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| Properties of Matter | |
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| Changes in Matter | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Use of the Terms Physical and Chemical | |
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| Pure Substances and Mixtures | |
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| Elements and Compounds | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Classes of Matter | |
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| Discovery and Abundance of the Elements | |
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| Names and Chemical Symbols of the Elements | |
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| Atoms and Molecules | |
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| Chemical Formulas | |
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| Chemical Connections: "Good" Versus "Bad" Properties for a Chemical Substance Elemental Composition of the Human Body | |
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| Measurements in Chemistry | |
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| Measurement Systems | |
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| Metric System Units | |
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| Exact and Inexact Numbers | |
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| Uncertainty in Measurement and Significant Figures | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Significant Figures | |
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| Significant Figures and Mathematical Operations | |
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| Scientific Notation | |
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| Conversion Factors | |
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| Dimensional Analysis | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Conversion Factors | |
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| Density | |
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| Temperature Scales | |
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| Heat Energy and Specific Heat | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| Body Density and Percent Body Fat | |
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| Normal Human Body Temperature | |
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| Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | |
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| Internal Structure of an Atom | |
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| Atomic Number and Mass Number | |
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| Isotopes and Atomic Masses | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Atomic Structure | |
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| The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table | |
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| Metals and Nonmetals | |
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| Electron Arrangements Within Atoms | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Shell-Subshell-Orbital Interrelationships | |
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| Electron Configurations and Orbital Diagrams | |
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| The Electronic Basis for the Periodic Law and the Periodic Table | |
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| Classification of the Elements | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Element Classification Schemes and the Periodic Table | |
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| Chemical Connections: Protium, Deuterium, and Tritium | |
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| The Three Isotopes of Hydrogen | |
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| Metallic Elements and the Human Body | |
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| Iron: The Most Abundant Transition Element in the Human Body | |
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| Chemical Bonding: The Ionic Bond Model | |
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| Chemical Bonds | |
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| Valence Electrons and Lewis Symbols | |
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| The Octet Rule | |
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| The Ionic Bond Model | |
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| The Sign and Magnitude of Ionic Charge | |
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| Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds | |
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| Chemical Formulas for Ionic Compounds | |
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| The Structure of Ionic Compounds | |
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| Recognizing and Naming Binary Ionic Compounds | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds | |
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| Polyatomic Ions Chemical Formulas and Names for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| Fresh Water, Seawater, Hard Water, and Soft Water: A Matter of Ions | |
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| Tooth Enamel: A Combination of Monatomic and Polyatomic Ions | |
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| Chemical Bonding: The Covalent Bond Model | |
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| The Covalent Bond Model | |
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| Lewis Structures for Molecular Compounds | |
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| Single, Double, and Triple Covalent Bonds | |
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| Valence Electrons and Number of Covalent Bonds Formed | |
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| Coordinate Covalent Bonds | |
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| Systematic Procedures for Drawing Lewis Structures | |
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| Bonding in Compounds with Polyatomic Ions Present | |
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| Molecular Geometry | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: The Geometry of Molecules | |
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| Electronegativity | |
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| Bond Polarity | |
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| Molecular Polarity | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Covalent Bonds and Molecular Compounds | |
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| Naming Binary Molecular Compounds | |
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| Chemical Connections: Nitric Oxide | |
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| A Molecule Whose Bonding Does Not Follow "The Rules" | |
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| The Chemical Senses of Smell and Taste | |
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| Chemical Calculations: Formula Masses, Moles, and Chemical Equations | |
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| Formula Masses | |
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| The Mole: A Counting Unit for Chemists | |
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| The Mass of a Mole | |
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| Chemical Formulas and the Mole Concept | |
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| The Mole and Chemical Calculations | |
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| Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations | |
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| Chemical Equations and the Mole Concept | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Relationships Involving the Mole Concept | |
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| Chemical Calculations Using Chemical Equations | |
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| Chemical Connections: Carbon Monoxide Air Pollution: A Case of Combining Ratios Chemical Reactions on an Industrial Scale: Sulfuric Acid | |
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| Gases, Liquids, and Solids | |
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| The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter | |
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| Kinetic Molecular Theory and Physical States | |
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| Gas Law Variables | |
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| Boyle's Law: A Pressure-Volume Relationship | |
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| Charles's Law: A Temperature-Volume Relationship | |
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| The Combined Gas Law | |
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| The Ideal Gas Law | |
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| Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: The Gas Laws | |
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| Changes of State | |
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| Evaporation of Liquids | |
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| Vapor Pressure of Liquids | |
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| Boiling and Boiling Point | |
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| Intermolecular Forces in Liquids | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Intermolecular Forces | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| The Importance of Gas Densities | |
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| Blood Pressure and the Sodium Ion/Potassium Ion Ratio | |
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| Hydrogen Bonding and the Density of Water | |
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| Solutions | |
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| Characteristics of Solutions | |
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| Solubility | |
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| Solution Formation | |
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| Solubility Rules | |
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| Solution Concentration Units | |
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| Dilution | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Solutions | |
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| Colloidal Dispersions and Suspensions | |
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| Colligative Properties of Solutions | |
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| Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Summary of Colligative Property Terminology | |
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| Dialysis | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| Factors Affecting Gas Solubility | |
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| Solubility of Vitamins | |
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| Controlled-Release Drugs: Regulating Concentration, Rate, and Location of Release | |
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| The Artificial Kidney: A Hemodialysis Machine | |
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| Chemical Reactions | |
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| Types of Chemical Reactions | |
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| Redox and Nonredox Chemical Reactions | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Types of Chemical Reactions | |
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| Terminology Associated with Redox Processes | |
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| Collision Theory and Chemical Reactions | |
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| Exothermic and Endothermic Chemical Reactions | |
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| Factors That Influence Chemical Reaction Rates | |
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| Chemical Equilibrium | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Factors That Increase Reaction Rates | |
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| Equilibrium Constants | |
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| Altering Equilibrium Conditions: Le Ch?telier's Principle | |
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| Chemical Connections: Combustion Reactions, Carbon Dioxide, and Global Warming | |
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| "Undesirable" Oxidation-Reduction Processes | |
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| Metallic Corrosion | |
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| Stratospheric Ozone: An Equilibrium Situation | |
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| Acids, Bases, and Salts | |
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| Arrhenius Acid-Base Theory | |
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| Br?nsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory | |
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| Mono-, Di-, and Triprotic Acids | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Acid-Base Definitions | |
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| Strengths of Acids and Bases | |
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| Ionization Constants for Acids and Bases | |
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| Salts | |
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| Acid-Base Neutralization Chemical Reactions | |
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| Self-Ionization of Water | |
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| The pH Concept | |
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| The pKa Method for Expressing Acid Strength | |
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| The pH of Aqueous Salt Solutions | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Acids and Acidic Solutions | |
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| Buffers | |
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| The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Buffer Systems | |
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| Electrolytes | |
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| Equivalents and Milliequivalents of Electrolytes | |
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| Acid-Base Titrations | |
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| Chemical Connections: Excessive Acidity Within the Stomach | |
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| Antacids and Acid Inhibitors | |
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| Acid Rain: Excess Acidity | |
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| Blood Plasma pH and Hydrolysis | |
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| Buffering Action in Human Blood | |
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| Electrolytes and Body Fluids | |
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| Nuclear Chemistry | |
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| Stable and Unstable Nuclides | |
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| The Nature of Radioactive Emissions | |
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| Equations for Radioactive Decay | |
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| Rate of Radioactive Decay | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Radioactive Decay | |
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| Transmutation and Bombardment Reactions | |
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| Radioactive Decay Series | |
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| Chemical Effects of Radiation | |
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| Biochemical Effects of Radiation | |
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| Detection of Radiation | |
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| Sources of Radiation Exposure | |
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| Nuclear Medicine | |
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| Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Characteristics of Nuclear Reactions | |
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| Nuclear and Chemical Reactions Compared | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| Tobacco Radioactivity and the Uranium-238 Decay Series | |
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| Preserving Food Through Food Irradiation | |
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| The Indoor Radon-222 Problem | |
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| Organic Chemistry | |
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| Saturated Hydrocarbons | |
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| Organic and Inorganic Compounds | |
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| Bonding Characteristics of the Carbon Atom | |
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| Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbon Derivatives | |
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| Alkanes: Acyclic Saturated Hydrocarbons | |
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| Structural Formulas | |
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| Alkane Isomerism | |
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| Conformations of Alkanes | |
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| IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkanes | |
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| Line-Angle Structural Formulas for Alkanes | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Structural Representations for Alkane Molecules | |
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| Classification of Carbon Atoms | |
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| Branched-Chain Alkyl Groups | |
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| Cycloalkanes | |
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| IUPAC Nomenclature for Cycloalkanes | |
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| Isomerism in Cycloalkanes | |
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| Sources of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes | |
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| Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes | |
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| Chemical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes | |
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| Nomenclature and Properties of Halogenated Alkanes | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| The Occurrence of Methane | |
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| The Physiological Effects of Alkanes | |
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| Chlorofluorocarbons and the Ozone Layer | |
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| Unsaturated Hydrocarbons | |
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| Unsaturated Hydrocarbons | |
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| Characteristics of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes | |
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| IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkenes and Cycloalkenes | |
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| Line-Angle Structural Formulas for Alkenes | |
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| Constitutional Isomerism in Alkenes | |
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| Cis-Trans Isomerism in Alkenes | |
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| Naturally Occurring Alkenes | |
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| Physical Properties of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes | |
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| Chemical Reactions of Alkenes | |
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| Polymerization of Alkenes: Addition Polymers | |
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| Alkynes | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Chemical Reactions of Alkenes 383 | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes | |
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| Aromatic Hydrocarbons | |
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| Names for Aromatic Hydrocarbons | |
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| Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Physical Properties and Sources | |
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| Chemical Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons | |
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| Fused-Ring Aromatic Hydrocarbons | |
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| Chemical Connections: Ethene | |
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| A Plant Hormone and High-Volume Industrial Chemical | |
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| Cis-Trans Isomerism and Vision | |
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| Carotenoids: A Source of Color | |
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| Fused-Ring Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cancer | |
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| Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers | |
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| Bonding Characteristics of Oxygen Atoms in Organic Compounds | |
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| Structural Characteristics of Alcohols | |
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| Nomenclature for Alcohols | |
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| Isomerism for Alcohols | |
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| Important Commonly Encountered Alcohols | |
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| Physical Properties of Alcohols | |
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| Preparation of Alcohols | |
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| Classification of Alcohols | |
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| Chemical Reactions of Alcohols | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Summary of Chemical Reactions Involving Alcohols | |
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| Polymeric Alcohols | |
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| Structural Characteristics of Phenols | |
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| Nomenclature for Phenols | |
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| Physical and Chemical Properties of Phenols | |
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| Occurrence of and Uses for Phenols | |
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| Structural Characteristics of Ethers | |
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| Nomenclature for Ethers | |
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| Isomerism for Ethers | |
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| Physical and Chemical Properties of Ethers | |
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| Cyclic Ethers | |
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| Sulfur Analogs of Alcohols | |
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| Sulfur Analogs of Ethers | |
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| Chemical Connections: Menthol | |
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| A Useful Naturally Occurring Terpene Alcohol | |
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| Ethers as General Anesthetics | |
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| Marijuana: The Most Commonly Used Illicit Drug | |
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| Garlic and Onions: Odiferous Medicinal Plants | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, and Thioethers | |
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| Aldehydes and Ketones | |
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| The Carbonyl Group | |
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| Compounds Containing a Carbonyl Group | |
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| The Aldehyde and Ketone Functional Groups | |
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| Nomenclature for Aldehydes | |
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| Nomenclature for Ketones | |
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| Isomerism for Aldehydes and Ketones | |
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| Selected Common Aldehydes and Ketones | |
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| Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones | |
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| Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones | |
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| Oxidation and Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones | |
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| Reaction of Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Summary of Chemical Reactions Involving Aldehydes and Ketones | |
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| Formaldehyde-Based Polymers | |
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| Sulfur-Containing Carbonyl Groups | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| Lachrymatory Aldehydes and Ketones | |
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| Melanin: A Hair and Skin Pigment | |
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| Diabetes, Aldehyde Oxidation, and Glucose Testing | |
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| Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Other Acid Derivatives | |
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| Structure of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives | |
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| IUPAC Nomenclature for Carboxylic Acids | |
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| Common Names for Carboxylic Acids | |
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| Polyfunctional Carboxylic Acids | |
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| Metabolic Acids | |
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| Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids | |
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| Preparation of Carboxylic Acids | |
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| Acidity of Carboxylic Acids | |
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| Carboxylic Acid Salts | |
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| Structure of Esters | |
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| Preparation of Esters | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Summary of the "H Versus R" Relationship for Pairs of Hydrocarbon Derivatives | |
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| Nomenclature for Esters | |
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| Selected Common Esters | |
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| Isomerism for Carboxylic Acids and Esters | |
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| Physical Properties of Esters | |
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| Chemical Reactions of Esters | |
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| Sulfur Analogs of Esters | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Summary of Chemical Reactions Involving Carboxylic Acids and Esters | |
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| Polyesters | |
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| Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides | |
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| Esters and Anhydrides of Inorganic Acids | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| Nonprescription Pain Relievers Derived from Propanoic Acid Carboxylic Acids and Skin Care | |
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| Aspirin | |
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| Nitroglycerin: An Inorganic Triester | |
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| Amines and Amides | |
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| Bonding Characteristics of Nitrogen Atoms in Organic Compounds | |
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| Structure and Classifi cation of Amines | |
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| Nomenclature for Amines | |
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| Isomerism for Amines | |
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| Physical Properties of Amines | |
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| Basicity of Amines | |
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| Amine Salts | |
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| Preparation of Amines and Quaternary Ammonium Salts | |
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| Heterocyclic Amines | |
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| Selected Biochemically Important Amines | |
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| Alkaloids | |
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| Structure and Classification of Amides | |
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| Nomenclature for Amides | |
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| Selected Amides and Their Uses | |
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| Physical Properties of Amides | |
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| Preparation of Amides | |
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| Hydrolysis of Amides | |
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| Polyamides and Polyurethanes | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Summary of Chemical Reactions Involving Amines and Amides | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| Caffeine: The Most Widely Used Central Nervous System Stimulant | |
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| Nicotine Addiction: A Widespread Example of Drug Dependence | |
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| Alkaloids Present in Chocolate | |
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| Acetaminophen: A Substituted Amide | |
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| Biological Chemistry | |
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| Carbohydrates | |
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| Biochemistry--An Overview | |
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| Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates | |
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| Classifi cation of Carbohydrates | |
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| Chirality: Handedness in Molecules | |
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| Stereoisomerism: Enantiomers and Diastereomers | |
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| Designating Handedness Using Fischer Projection Formulas | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Constitutional Isomers and Stereoisomers | |
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| Properties of Enantiomers | |
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| Classifi cation of Monosaccharides | |
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| Biochemically Important Monosaccharides | |
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| Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides | |
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| Haworth Projection Formulas | |
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| Reactions of Monosaccharides | |
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| Disaccharides | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: "Sugar Terminology" Associated with Monosaccharides and Their Derivatives | |
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| General Characteristics of Polysaccharides | |
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| Storage Polysaccharides | |
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| Structural Polysaccharides | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Types of Glycosidic Linkages for Common Glucose-Containing Diand Polysaccharides | |
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| Acidic Polysaccharides | |
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| Glycolipids and Glycoproteins: Cell Recognition | |
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| Dietary Considerations and Carbohydrates | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| Blood Types and Monosaccharides | |
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| Lactose Intolerance and Galactosemia | |
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| Changing Sugar Patterns: Decreased Sucrose, Increased Fructose | |
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| Artificial Sweeteners; "Good and Bad Carbs": The Glycemic Index | |
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| Lipids | |
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| Structure and Classification of Lipids | |
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| Types of Fatty Acids | |
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| Physical Properties of Fatty Acids | |
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| Energy-Storage Lipids: Triacylglycerols | |
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| Dietary Considerations and Triacylglycerols | |
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| Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Classification Schemes for Fatty Acid Residues Present in Triacylglycerols | |
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| Membrane Lipids: Phospholipids | |
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| Membrane Lipids: Sphingoglycolipids | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Terminology for and Structural Relationships Among Various Types of Fatty-Acid-Containing Lipids | |
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| Membrane Lipids: Cholesterol | |
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| Cell Membranes | |
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| Emulsification Lipids: Bile Acids | |
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| Messenger Lipids: Steroid Hormones | |
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| Messenger Lipids: Eicosanoids | |
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| Protective-Coating Lipids: Biological Waxes | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Types of Lipids in Terms of How They Function | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| The Fat Content of Tree Nuts and Peanuts | |
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| Artificial Fat Substitutes | |
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| The Cleansing Action of Soap | |
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| Trans Fatty Acids and Blood Cholesterol Levels | |
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| Steroid Drugs in Sports | |
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| The Mode of Action for Anti-Inflammatory Drugs | |
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| Proteins | |
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| Characteristics of Proteins | |
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| Amino Acids: The Building Blocks for Proteins | |
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| Chirality and Amino Acids | |
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| Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids | |
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| Cysteine: A Chemically Unique Amino Acid | |
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| Peptides | |
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| Biochemically Important Small Peptides | |
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| General Structural Characteristics of Proteins | |
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| Primary Structure of Proteins | |
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| Secondary Structure of Proteins | |
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| Tertiary Structure of Proteins | |
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| Quaternary Structure of Proteins | |
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| Protein Classification Based on Shape | |
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| Protein Classification Based on Function | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Protein Structure | |
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| Protein Hydrolysis | |
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| Protein Denaturation | |
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| Glycoproteins | |
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| Lipoproteins | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| The Essential Amino Acids | |
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| Substitutes for Human Insulin Protein Structure and the Color of Meat | |
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| Denaturation and Human Hair | |
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| Cyclosporine: An Antirejection Drug | |
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| Lipoproteins and Heart Disease Risk | |
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| Enzymes and Vitamins | |
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| General Characteristics of Enzymes | |
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| Enzyme Structure | |
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| Nomenclature and Classifi cation of Enzymes | |
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| Models of Enzyme Action | |
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| Enzyme Specificity | |
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| Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Enzyme Activity | |
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| Enzyme Inhibition | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Enzyme Inhibition | |
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| Regulation of Enzyme Activity | |
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| Antibiotics That Inhibit Enzyme Activity | |
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| Medical Uses of Enzymes | |
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| General Characteristics of Vitamins | |
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| Water-Soluble Vitamins | |
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| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| H. pylori and Stomach Ulcers | |
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| Enzymatic Browning: Discoloration of Fruits and Vegetables | |
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| Heart Attacks and Enzyme Analysis | |
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| Nucleic Acids | |
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| Types of Nucleic Acids | |
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| Nucleotides: Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids | |
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| Primary Nucleic Acid Structure | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Nucleic Acid Structure | |
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| The DNA Double Helix | |
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| Replication of DNA Molecules | |
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| Overview of Protein Synthesis | |
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| Ribonucleic Acids | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: DNA Replication | |
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| Transcription: RNA Synthesis | |
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| The Genetic Code | |
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| Anticodons and tRNA Molecules | |
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| Translation: Protein Synthesis | |
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| Mutations | |
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| Nucleic Acids and Viruses | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation | |
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| Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering | |
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| The Polymerase Chain Reaction | |
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| DNA Sequencing | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| Use of Synthetic Nucleic Acid Bases in Medicine | |
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| Antibiotics That Inhibit Bacterial Protein Synthesis | |
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| Biochemical Energy Production | |
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| Metabolism | |
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| Metabolism and Cell Structure | |
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| Important Intermediate Compounds in Metabolic Pathways | |
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| High-Energy Phosphate Compounds | |
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| An Overview of Biochemical Energy Production | |
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| The Citric Acid Cycle | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Simplified Summary of the Four Stages of Biochemical Energy Production | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Summary of the Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle | |
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| The Electron Transport Chain | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Summary of the Flow of Electrons Through the Four Complexes of the Electron Transport Chain | |
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| Oxidative Phosphorylation | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Summary of the Common Metabolic Pathway | |
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| ATP Production for the Common Metabolic Pathway | |
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| The Importance of ATP | |
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| Non-ETC Oxygen-Consuming Reactions | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| Cyanide Poisoning | |
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| Brown Fat, Newborn Babies, and Hibernating Animals | |
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| Flavonoids: An Important Class of Dietary Antioxidants | |
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| Carbohydrate Metabolism | |
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| Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates | |
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| Glycolysis | |
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| Fates of Pyruvate | |
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| ATP Production for the Complete Oxidation of Glucose | |
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| Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation | |
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| Gluconeogenesis | |
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| Terminology for Glucose Metabolic Pathways | |
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| The Pentose Phosphate Pathway | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Glucose Metabolism | |
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| Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| Lactate Accumulation | |
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| Diabetes Mellitus | |
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| Lipid Metabolism | |
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| Digestion and Absorption of Lipids | |
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| Triacylglycerol Storage and Mobilization | |
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| Glycerol Metabolism | |
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| Oxidation of Fatty Acids | |
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| ATP Production from Fatty Acid Oxidation | |
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| Ketone Bodies | |
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| Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids: Lipogenesis | |
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| Relationships Between Lipogenesis and Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates | |
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| Biosynthesis of Cholesterol | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Interrelationships Between Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism | |
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| Relationships Between Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism | |
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| Chemical Connections | |
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| High-Intensity Versus Low-Intensity Workouts | |
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| Statins: Drugs That Lower Plasma Levels of Cholesterol | |
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| Protein Metabolism | |
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| Protein Digestion and Absorption | |
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| Amino Acid Utilization | |
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| Transamination and Oxidative Deamination | |
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| The Urea Cycle | |
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| Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons | |
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| Amino Acid Biosynthesis | |
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| Hemoglobin Catabolism | |
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| Chemistry At A Glance: Interrelationships Among Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism | |
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| Interrelationships Among Metabolic Pathways | |
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| Chemical Connections: The Chemical Composition of Urine Arginine, Citrulline, and the Chemical Messenger Nitric Oxide | |
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| Answers to Selected Exercises A-1 | |