| |
| |
| Chemistry: An Overview | |
| |
| |
| The Scientific Method | |
| |
| |
| Units of Measurement | |
| |
| |
| Uncertainty in Measurement | |
| |
| |
| Significant Figures and Calculations | |
| |
| |
| Dimensional Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Temperature | |
| |
| |
| Density | |
| |
| |
| Classification of Matter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atoms, Molecules, and Ions | |
| |
| |
| The Early History of Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Fundamental Chemical Laws | |
| |
| |
| Dalton's Atomic Theory | |
| |
| |
| Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom | |
| |
| |
| The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Molecules and Ions | |
| |
| |
| An Introduction to the Periodic Table | |
| |
| |
| Naming Simple Compounds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stoichiometry | |
| |
| |
| Counting by Weighing | |
| |
| |
| Atomic Masses | |
| |
| |
| The Mole | |
| |
| |
| Molar Mass | |
| |
| |
| Learning to Solve Problems | |
| |
| |
| Percent Composition of Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Determining the Formula of a Compound | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Equations | |
| |
| |
| Balancing Chemical Equations | |
| |
| |
| Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products | |
| |
| |
| The Concept of Limiting Reagent | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry | |
| |
| |
| Water, the Common Solvent | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes | |
| |
| |
| The Composition of Solutions | |
| |
| |
| Types of Chemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Precipitation Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Describing Reactions in Solution | |
| |
| |
| Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Acid-Base Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gases | |
| |
| |
| Pressure | |
| |
| |
| The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro | |
| |
| |
| The Ideal Gas Law | |
| |
| |
| Gas Stoichiometry | |
| |
| |
| Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures | |
| |
| |
| The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases | |
| |
| |
| Effusion and Diffusion | |
| |
| |
| Real Gases | |
| |
| |
| Characteristics of Several Real Gases | |
| |
| |
| Chemistry in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermochemistry | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Energy | |
| |
| |
| Enthalpy and Calorimetry | |
| |
| |
| Hess's Law | |
| |
| |
| Standard Enthalpies of Formation | |
| |
| |
| Present Sources of Energy | |
| |
| |
| New Energy Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atomic Structure and Periodicity | |
| |
| |
| Electromagnetic Radiation | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Matter | |
| |
| |
| The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen | |
| |
| |
| The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom | |
| |
| |
| Quantum Numbers | |
| |
| |
| Orbital Shapes and Energies | |
| |
| |
| Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle | |
| |
| |
| Polyelectronic Atoms | |
| |
| |
| The History of the Periodic Table | |
| |
| |
| The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table | |
| |
| |
| Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties | |
| |
| |
| The Properties of a Group: The Alkali Metals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bonding: General Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Types of Chemical Bonds | |
| |
| |
| Electronegativity | |
| |
| |
| Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments | |
| |
| |
| Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes | |
| |
| |
| Energy Effects in Binary Ionic Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds | |
| |
| |
| The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model | |
| |
| |
| Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
| The Localized Electron Bonding Model | |
| |
| |
| Lewis Structures | |
| |
| |
| Exceptions to the Octet Rule | |
| |
| |
| Resonance | |
| |
| |
| Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Covalent Bonding: Orbitals | |
| |
| |
| Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model | |
| |
| |
| The Molecular Orbital Model | |
| |
| |
| Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules | |
| |
| |
| Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules | |
| |
| |
| Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular Orbital Models 4? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Liquids and Solids | |
| |
| |
| Intermolecular Forces | |
| |
| |
| The Liquid State | |
| |
| |
| An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids | |
| |
| |
| Structure and Bonding in Metals | |
| |
| |
| Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solids Circuits | |
| |
| |
| Molecular Solids | |
| |
| |
| Ionic Solids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties of Solutions | |
| |
| |
| Solution Composition | |
| |
| |
| The Energies of Solution Formation | |
| |
| |
| Factors Affecting Solubility | |
| |
| |
| The Vapor Pressures of Solutions | |
| |
| |
| Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression | |
| |
| |
| Osmotic Pressure | |
| |
| |
| Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Kinetics | |
| |
| |
| Reaction Rates | |
| |
| |
| Rate Laws: An Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Determining the Form of the Rate Law | |
| |
| |
| The Integrated Rate Law | |
| |
| |
| Reaction Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| A Model for Chemical Kinetics | |
| |
| |
| Catalysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Equilibrium | |
| |
| |
| The Equilibrium Condition | |
| |
| |
| The Equilibrium Constant | |
| |
| |
| Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures | |
| |
| |
| Heterogeneous Equilibria | |
| |
| |
| Applications of the Equilibrium Constant | |
| |
| |
| Solving Equilibrium Problems | |
| |
| |
| Le Ch?telier's Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acids and Bases | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Acids and Bases | |
| |
| |
| Acid Strength | |
| |
| |
| The pH Scale | |
| |
| |
| Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions | |
| |
| |
| Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions | |
| |
| |
| Bases | |
| |
| |
| Polyprotic Acids | |
| |
| |
| Acid-Base Properties of Salts | |
| |
| |
| The Effect of Structure on Acid-Base Properties | |
| |
| |
| Acid-Base Properties of Oxides | |
| |
| |
| The Lewis Acid-Base Model | |
| |
| |
| Strategy for Solving Acid-Base Problems: A Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acid-Base Equilibria | |
| |
| |
| Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion | |
| |
| |
| Buffered Solutions | |
| |
| |
| Buffering Capacity | |
| |
| |
| Titrations and pH Curves | |
| |
| |
| Acid-Base Indicators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Solubility and Complex Ion Equilibria | |
| |
| |
| Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product | |
| |
| |
| Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Equilibria Involving Complex Ions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy | |
| |
| |
| Spontaneous Processes and Entropy | |
| |
| |
| Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity | |
| |
| |
| Free Energy | |
| |
| |
| Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Free Energy and Chemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
| The Dependence of Free Energy on Pressure | |
| |
| |
| Free Energy and Equilibrium | |
| |
| |
| Free Energy and Work | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrochemistry | |
| |
| |
| Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations | |
| |
| |
| Galvanic Cells | |
| |
| |
| Standard Reduction Potentials | |
| |
| |
| Cell Potential, Electrical Work, and Free Energy | |
| |
| |
| Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration | |
| |
| |
| Batteries | |
| |
| |
| Corrosion | |
| |
| |
| Electrolysis | |
| |
| |
| Commercial Electrolytic Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Nucleus: A Chemist's View | |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay | |
| |
| |
| The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay | |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Transformations | |
| |
| |
| Detection and Uses of Radioactivity | |
| |
| |
| Thermodynamic Stability of the Nucleus | |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Radiation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Representative Elements | |
| |
| |
| A Survey of the Representative Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elements | |
| |
| |
| The Chemistry of Hydrogen | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elements | |
| |
| |
| The Chemistry of Nitrogen | |
| |
| |
| The Chemistry of Phosphorus | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elements | |
| |
| |
| The Chemistry of Oxygen | |
| |
| |
| The Chemistry of Sulfur | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| The Transition Metals: A Survey | |
| |
| |
| The First-Row Transition Metals | |
| |
| |
| Coordination Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Isomerism | |
| |
| |
| Bonding in Complex Ions: The Localized Electron Model | |
| |
| |
| The Crystal Field Model | |
| |
| |
| The Biologic Importance of Coordination Complexes l982 | |
| |
| |
| Metallurgy and Iron and Steel Production | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organic and Biological Molecules | |
| |
| |
| Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons | |
| |
| |
| Alkenes and Alkynes | |
| |
| |
| Aromatic Hydrocarbons | |
| |
| |
| Hydrocarbon Derivatives | |
| |
| |
| Polymers | |
| |
| |
| Natural Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mathematical Procedures | |
| |
| |
| Exponential Notation | |
| |
| |
| Logarithms | |
| |
| |
| Graphing Functions | |
| |
| |
| Solving Quadratic Equations | |
| |
| |
| Uncertainties in Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Quantitative Kinetic Molecular Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spectral Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selected Thermodynamic Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equilibrium Constants and Reduction Potentials | |
| |
| |
| Values of Ka for Some Common Monoprotic Acids | |
| |
| |
| Stepwise Dissociation Constants for Several Common Polyprotic Acids | |
| |
| |
| Values of Kb for Some Common Weak Bases | |
| |
| |
| Ksp Values at 25_C for Common Ionic Solids | |
| |
| |
| Standard Reduction Potentials at 25_C (298K) for Many Common Half-Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Units and conversion | |
| |
| |
| Factors | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Photo Credits | |
| |
| |
| Answers to Selected Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Index | |