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| Time | |
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| Parmenides: Being is Not Temporal | |
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| Wesley C. Salmon: A Contemporary Exposition of Zeno's Paradoxes | |
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| Aristotle: Time is a Measure of Change | |
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| St. Augustine: What is Time? | |
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| Isaac Newton: Time is Absolute | |
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| Henri Bergson: Time is the Flux of Duration | |
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| John M. E. McTaggart: Time is Not Real | |
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| Donald C. Williams: the Myth of Passage | |
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| D. H. Mellor: McTaggart, Fixity and Coming True | |
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| John Perry: Time, Consciousness and the Knowledge Argument. Further Reading | |
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| Identity | |
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| Plato: Phaedo | |
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| Aristotle: On Substance | |
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| Thomas Hobbes: of Identity and Diversity | |
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| John Locke: of Identity and Diversity | |
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| Thomas Reid: of Identity and on Mr. Locke's The ory of Personal Identity | |
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| David Hume: of Identity and Personal Identity | |
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| Roderick M. Chisholm: Problems of Identity | |
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| David Armstrong: Identity Through Time | |
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| John Perry: the Bodily The ory of Personal Identity, the Third Night from A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality | |
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| Derek Parfit: Personal Identity | |
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| Jennifer Whiting: Friends and Future Selves | |
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| Thomas Nagel. the Self as Private Object. Further Reading | |
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| Mind | |
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| Aristotle: On the Soul | |
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| RenT Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy | |
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| Franz Brentano: the Distinction Between Mental and Physical Phenomena | |
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| Daniel C. Dennett: Intentional Systems | |
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| Ruth Garrett Millikan: Biosemantics | |
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| David M. Armstrong: the Nature of Mind | |
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| Hilary Putnam: Philosophy and Our Mental Life | |
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| Thomas Nagel: What is It Like to Be a Bat? | |
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| Frank Jackson: Epiphenomenal Qualia | |
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| Paul Churchland: Reduction, Qualia, and the Direct Inspection of the Brain | |
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| John Searle: Reductionism and the Irreducibility of Consciousness | |
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| Patricia Smith Churchland: Dualism and the Arguments against Neuroscientific Progress. Further Reading | |
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| Freedom | |
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| Aristotle: Fatalism, Voluntary Action, and Choice | |
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| L. Nathan Oaklander: Freedom and the New The ory of Time | |
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| Thomas Aquinas: Whether The re is Anything Voluntary In Human Acts? | |
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| St. Augustine: God's Foreknowledge and Human Freedom | |
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| William L. Rowe: Predestination, Divine Foreknowledge, and Human Freedom | |
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| David Hume: On Liberty and Necessity | |
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| Thomas Reid: of the Liberty of Moral Agents | |
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| George E. Moore: Free Will | |
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| Roderick M. Chisholm: Human Freedom and the Self | |
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| Harry Frankfurt: Alternative Possibilities and Moral Responsibility | |
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| Robert Kane: Responsibility, Luck, and Chance: Reflections on Free Will and Indeterminism | |
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| Daniel C. Dennett: A Hearing for Libertarianism | |
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| Robert Brandom: Freedom and Constraint by Norms. Further Reading | |
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| God | |
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| Aquinas: Five Ways | |
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| Rene Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy, Meditations III, IV and V | |
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| William Rowe: the Cosmological Argument | |
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| Bruce Russell and Stephen Wykstra: the "Inductive" Argument From Evil: A Dialogue | |
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| Phillip Quinn: Creation, Conservation and the Big Bang | |
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| Adolf Grnnbaum: The ological Misinterpretations of Current Physical Cosmology. Further Reading | |
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| Knowing Reality | |
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| Berkeley: A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Understanding | |
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| Hume: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding | |
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| Charles Sanders Peirce: the Fixation of Belief and How to Make our Ideas Clear | |
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| Wilfrid Sellars: Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man | |
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| Willard V. O. Quine: Ontological Relativity | |
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| Richard Rorty: the World Well Lost | |
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| William Alston: Yes, Virginia, The re is a Real World | |
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| Further Reading | |