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About the Authors | |
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Preface | |
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Studying Dying, Death, and Bereavement | |
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Current Interest in Death and Dying | |
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Why the Increased Interest? | |
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Death Education | |
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Mortality Statistics | |
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Death Etiology and Life Expectancy | |
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Gender Differences in Mortality Rates | |
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Approaches to the Study of Dying and Death | |
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The Biological Approach | |
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The Psychological Approach | |
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The Anthropological Approach | |
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The Sociological Approach | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Glossary | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The American Experience of Death | |
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Defining Death | |
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International Definitions | |
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American Definitions | |
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The Meaning of Dying and Death | |
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The Social Meaning | |
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The Philosophical Meaning | |
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The American Experience of Death | |
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Living Death (1600-1830) | |
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The Dying of Death (1830-1945) | |
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The Resurrection of Death (1945 to the Present) | |
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Contemporary Attitudes toward Death | |
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Denying Death | |
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Fearing Death | |
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Contemplating One's Own Death | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Glossary | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Growing Up with Death | |
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Childhood | |
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How Do Children Learn about Death? | |
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Children's Understanding of Death | |
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Explaining Death and Dying to Children | |
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Adolescence | |
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Identity Crisis and Death Anxiety | |
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The Experience of Death in Violent Neighborhoods | |
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Media Influences | |
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Learning Adult Rituals | |
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Communicating about Death | |
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Adulthood | |
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Young Adulthood | |
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Middle-Aged Adulthood | |
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Older Adulthood | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Glossary | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Perspectives on Death and Life after Death | |
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The Need To Look beyond Death | |
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Diversity in Perspectives | |
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Cross-Cultural Views | |
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Case Study: The Sacred World of Native Americans | |
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Religious Interpretations of Death | |
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Judaism | |
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Christianity | |
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Islam | |
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Hinduism | |
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Buddhism | |
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Temporal Interpretations of Death | |
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Symbolic Immortality | |
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Near-Death Experiences | |
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Defining a Near-Death Experience | |
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Explaining Near-Death Experiences | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Glossary | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The Dying Process | |
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Death Meanings | |
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Time Meanings: Dealing with Prognosis | |
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Space Meanings: Isolation and Confinement | |
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Norm and Role Meanings: Expected Dying Behavior | |
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Value Meanings: Reassessing the Value of Life and Death | |
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Object and Self Meanings: Accepting the Self as Terminal | |
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Social Situation Meanings: Definition of the Environment | |
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Relating to the Dying Person | |
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Medical Personnel | |
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Family and Friends | |
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Dying with Dignity | |
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The Dying Child | |
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Relating to the Dying Child | |
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Helping the Child Cope with Dying | |
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Parents of the Dying Child | |
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Siblings of the Dying Child | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Glossary | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Living with Dying | |
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Understanding and Coping with the Illness | |
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The Loss of Physical Functions | |
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The Loss of Mental Capacity | |
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Dying of AIDS and Cancer | |
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Treatment Options | |
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Evaluating Treatment Options and Symptoms | |
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Treating Drug Side Effects | |
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Pain and Symptom Management | |
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Organ Transplantations | |
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Palliative Care | |
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The Hospice Movement | |
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The Hospice Team | |
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The Patient-Family as the Unit of Care | |
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The Cost of Hospice Care | |
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Public Attitudes | |
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Evaluation of Hospice Programs | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Glossary | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Dying in the American Health-Care System | |
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The Medical Model Approach to Dying | |
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Dying as Deviance in the Medical Setting | |
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Normalization of Dying in the Medical Setting | |
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Dying in a Technological Society | |
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The Environment of the Dying Person | |
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Death Education in Medical Schools | |
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Developing a Sensitivity to Social/Psychological Needs | |
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Developing Communication Skills | |
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Public Policy and Health Needs of the Critically Ill | |
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The Cost of Dying | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Glossary | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Biomedical Issues and Euthanasia | |
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Ethical Behavior | |
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What Is Ethical Behavior? | |
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Bioethicists | |
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Use of the Body in Medical Research and Training | |
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Organ Transplantation | |
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Euthanasia | |
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Sanctity-of-Life Versus Quality-of-Life Debate | |
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Passive Euthanasia | |
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Active Euthanasia | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Glossary | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Suicide | |
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Changing Attitudes toward Suicide | |
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The Stigma of Suicide | |
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Defining Suicidal Acts | |
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Social Factors Involved in Suicide | |
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Age, Gender, and Marital Status Factors | |
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Socioeconomic and Cultural Factors | |
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Theoretical Perspectives on Suicide | |
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Sociological Perspectives | |
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Existentialist Perspective | |
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Suicide through the Life Cycle | |
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Childhood Suicide | |
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Adolescent Suicide | |
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Adult Suicide | |
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Elderly Suicide | |
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Rational Suicide | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Glossary | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Diversity in Death Rituals | |
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Understanding Death Rituals | |
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Death Rituals as a Rite of Passage | |
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Structural-Functional Explanations | |
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Mourning Behaviors | |
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Changes in Mourning Behaviors in the United States | |
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Customs at Death | |
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Norms Prior to Death | |
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Preparing the Corpse | |
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Final Disposition | |
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Case Study: Burial and Mortuary Practices of Native Americans Living on the Plains | |
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Death Rituals of Major Religious Groups | |
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Jewish Customs | |
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Christianity | |
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Hinduism | |
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Buddhism | |
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Islam | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Glossary | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The Business of Dying | |
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The Business of Preparing the Dead | |
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The Changing American Funeral | |
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The American Practice of Funeral Service | |
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Education and Licensure | |
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The Role of the Funeral Director | |
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Funeral Expenses | |
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Alternatives to the Funeral | |
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New Trends in Funeral Service | |
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Preneed Funerals: A "New" Trend in Planning Funerals | |
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Aftercare: The Future Business Is To Be Found in Today's Customers | |
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Funeral Services on the Internet | |
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The Business of Burying the Dead | |
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The Changing American Cemetery | |
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Cemeteries Today | |
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The Government Cemetery | |
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The Not-For-Profit Cemetery | |
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The For-Profit Cemetery | |
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Graveyard Symbols of Death | |
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Life Insurance | |
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Life Insurance as Protection | |
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Life Insurance as an Investment | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Glossary | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The Legal Aspects of Dying | |
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Establishing the Cause of Death | |
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Death Certificate | |
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Autopsy | |
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Coroners and Medical Examiners | |
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Advance Directives | |
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Living Wills | |
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Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care | |
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Disposition of Property | |
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Intestate and Inheritance | |
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Wills | |
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Probate | |
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Estate and Inheritance Taxes | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Glossary | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Coping with Loss | |
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The Bereavement Role | |
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The Grieving Process | |
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Normal and Abnormal Grief | |
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Stages of Grief | |
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Disenfranchised Grief | |
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Four Tasks of Mourning | |
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Assisting the Bereaved | |
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Coping with Violent Death | |
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Accidents | |
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Disasters | |
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Murder | |
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War | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Glossary | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Grieving throughout the Life Cycle | |
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Grieving Parents and the Loss of a Child | |
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The Loss of a Fetus or an Infant | |
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The Loss of a Child | |
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The Loss of an Adult Child | |
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Grieving Children and Adolescents | |
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Loss of a Parent | |
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Loss of a Sibling | |
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Loss of a Grandparent | |
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Grieving Adults | |
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Loss of a Spouse | |
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Loss of a Parent | |
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Loss of a Pet | |
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Dying, Death, and Bereavement in the 21st Century: A Challenge | |
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Conclusion | |
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Summary | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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Glossary | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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References | |
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Index | |
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Credits | |