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| The Roots of Sociology: Morals and Science | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The enlightenment and legacy of the philosophies: Science and Morals | |
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| Social/Societal Influences | |
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| Political Revolutions in France and elsewhere | |
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| The Industrial Revolution, Urbanization, and Capitalism | |
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| Religion, Ideology, and Politics | |
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| A New Conception of Knowledge | |
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| German Idealism | |
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| The American Experience | |
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| Pragmatism | |
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| Pragmatism and Methodology | |
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| The Promise of Sociology | |
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| Classical Sociological theory and the Four Fundamental Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Auguste Comte (1798-1857) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biography | |
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| The Lycee | |
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| The Ecole Polytechnique | |
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| Paris in the Early Nineteenth Century | |
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| Marginal Intellectual | |
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| From Positivism to Religion | |
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| The Intellectual Context | |
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| The Enlightenment Philosophes | |
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| St. Simon | |
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| Comte's Sociology | |
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| Sociology as the Science of Society | |
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| From Science to the Religion of Humanity | |
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| The Four Questions | |
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| Assessment: Auguste Comte and the Promise of Sociology | |
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| References | |
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| Harriet Martineau (1802-1876) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biography | |
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| A Significant Decade | |
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| The Successful Author | |
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| Religion and Women's Issues | |
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| Intellectual Context | |
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| Unitarianism | |
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| Classical Economics | |
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| The Role of Women in the Nineteenth Century | |
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| Martineau's Sociology | |
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| Methodology and Morals | |
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| Methodology Continued: Women and Slavery | |
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| Feminist Sociology | |
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| Sociology of Religion | |
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| Sociology of Inequality | |
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| Sociology of Work and Occupations | |
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| Sociology of Illness and Disability | |
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| The Four Questions | |
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| Assessment: Harriet Martineau and the Promise of Sociology | |
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| References | |
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| Karl Marx (1818-1883) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biography | |
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| The Early Years | |
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| The University Years, Marriage and Family | |
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| Intellectual Context | |
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| Berlin: The Young Hegelians | |
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| Paris, Brussels, and the Move to London | |
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| The International and the Twilight Years | |
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| Marx' Sociology | |
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| German Philosophy | |
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| Hegel and the Dialectic | |
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| Metaphysics Out, Materialism In | |
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| English Political Economy/Classical Economic Theory | |
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| Surplus Value, Unpaid Wages, and Increasing Misery | |
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| French Socialism | |
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| Toward Revolution (Dialectic Materialism) | |
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| Alienation | |
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| Summary: It All Comes Together | |
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| No Marxist Revolution: A Brief Critical Assessment | |
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| The Four Questions | |
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| Assessment: Karl Marx and the Promise of Sociology | |
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| References | |
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| Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biography | |
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| The Early Years: Nonconformity, Independence | |
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| Travels/Observations/Inventions | |
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| Intellectual Context | |
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| Early Influences | |
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| Middle and Later Years | |
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| Spencer's Sociology | |
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| Evolutionary Theory | |
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| Assumptions | |
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| Adaptation, struggle for existence, and the birth of society | |
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| Organicism | |
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| Societies are not organisms | |
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| Social Darwinism | |
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| The Four Questions | |
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| Assessment: Herbert Spencer and the Promise of Sociology | |
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| References | |
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| The Four Questions | |
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| Emile Durkheim (1855-1917) | |
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| Introductin | |
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| Biography | |
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| The Early Years: Education and Anti-Semitism | |
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| Middle Years: Patriot, Husband, Father, Activist, and Scholar | |
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| The Twilight Years: Senior Scholar, War, Personal Devastation | |
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| Intellectual Context | |
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| French Intellectual History | |
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| Other Influences | |
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| Durkheim's Sociology | |
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| Introduction: Sociologism, Positivism, Major Works, Spencer | |
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| On the Division of Labor in Society (1893) | |
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| Mechanical solidarity | |
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| Organic solidarity | |
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| Causes of the division of labor and why it weakens the collective conscience | |
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| The Rules of Sociological Method (1895) | |
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| Suicide (1897) | |
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| Introduction: Positivism, Sociologism, Definition and Types of Suicide | |
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| Egoistic Suicide | |
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| Altruistic Suicide | |
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| Anomic and Fatalistic Suicide | |
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| The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Durkheim's Theory of Religion | |
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| Durkheim's New Methodological/Epistemological Positions | |
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| The sociology of knowledge | |
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| Social psychology | |
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| Positivism | |
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| The Four Questions | |
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| Assessment: Emile Durkheim and the Promise of Sociology | |
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| References | |
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| Georg Simmel (1858-1918) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biography | |
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| Ties to Berlin | |
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| The Later Years | |
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| Intellectual Context | |
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| Darwin and Spencer | |
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| Kant. Positivism and Idealism | |
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| Simmel's Sociology | |
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| Content and Form | |
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| Dyads and Triads | |
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| Conflict | |
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| Role Theory, Multiple Statuses and Freedom | |
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| The Four Questions | |
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| Assessment: Georg Simmel and the Promise of Sociology | |
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| References | |
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| Max Weber (1864-1920) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biography | |
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| Early Years: Family, Education | |
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| Career, Psychological Demons, The War Years | |
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| Intellectual Context | |
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| The Making of An Encyclopedic Mind | |
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| German Intellectual History, Teaching, and Writing | |
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| Weber's Sociology | |
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| Introduction: Levels of Analysis, Rationality, Iron Cage | |
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| Role of Ideas | |
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| Historical individual | |
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| Verstehen, ideal types | |
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| Weber's Epistemology/Methodology: The Protestant Ethic Thesis | |
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| Overview of PE | |
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| The problem | |
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| The practical ethics of the ascetic branches of Protestantism | |
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| How ideas structure social action: the PE example | |
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| Power and Authority Structures | |
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| Ideal type: a quick review | |
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| Power | |
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| Class | |
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| Status | |
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| Party | |
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| Authority structures | |
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| Rational legal authority | |
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| Traditional authority | |
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| Charismatic authority | |
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| Summary: Weber and Marx | |
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| The Four Questions | |
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| Assessment: Max Weber and the Promise of Sociology | |
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| References | |
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| George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biography | |
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| Undergraduate Education | |
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| Graduate Education | |
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| The Chicago Years: Mead the Social Reformer | |
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| The Chicago Years: Mead the Professor | |
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| Intellectual Context | |
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| Darwinism | |
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| Behaviorism | |
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| Pragmatism | |
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| Mead's Sociology | |
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| Mind, Self, and Society | |
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| The Mind and Significant Symbols | |
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| Language and Mind | |
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| Social Order | |
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| The Preparatory Stage | |
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| The Play Stage | |
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| The Game Stage | |
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| The "I" and the "Me" | |
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| An Integrated Sociology | |
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| The Four Questions | |
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| Assessment: George Herbert Mead and the Promise of Sociology | |
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| References | |
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| Jane Addams (1860-1935) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biography | |
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| The Early Years | |
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| Rockford Female Seminary | |
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| Travel in Europe | |
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| Beginnings of Hull House | |
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| Later Years | |
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| Intellectual Context | |
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| The Social Gospel | |
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| Pragmatism | |
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| Marxism and Socialism | |
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| Women's Suffrage | |
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| Tolstoy and Pacifism | |
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| Addams' Sociology | |
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| Critical-Emancipatory Theory | |
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| Feminist Sociology | |
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| The Four Questions | |
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| Assessment: Jane Addams and the Promise of Sociology | |
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| References | |
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| William Edward Burghardt (W.E.B.) Du Bois (1868-1963) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biography | |
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| Higher Education | |
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| Early Career | |
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| The NAACP, Crisis Magazine, and Marxism | |
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| Social Critic and the Later Years | |
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| Intellectual Context | |
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| Pragmatism | |
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| William James, Pragmatism and Science | |
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| Social Darwinism | |
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| Pan-Africanism | |
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| Marxism | |
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| Du Bois' Sociology | |
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| Sociological Methods | |
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| Sociology of Race | |
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| Sociology of Self | |
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| Sociology of Religion | |
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| The Four Questions | |
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| Assessment: W.E.B | |
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| DuBois and the Promise of Sociology | |
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| References | |
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| Classical American Sociology and the Promise of Sociology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Origins of American Sociology | |
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| William Graham Sumer (1840-1910) | |
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| Lester Frank Ward (1841-1913) | |
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| Albion Woodbury Small (1854-1926) | |
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| Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) | |
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| Edward Alsworth Ross (1866-1951) | |
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| Franklin Giddings (1855-1931) | |
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| Florence Kelley (1859-1932) | |
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| Charlette Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) | |
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| The Rise of the Objective Sociology | |