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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| Race, Ethnicity, and Crime: The Present Crisis | |
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| The Scope of This Book | |
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| Objectives of the Book | |
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| Goals of the Chapter | |
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| The Colors of America: Racial and Ethnic Categories | |
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| Racial and Ethnic Categories | |
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| The Politics of Racial and Ethnic Labels | |
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| The Quality of Criminal Justice Data on Race and Ethnicity | |
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| The Geography of Racial and Ethnic Justice | |
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| Disparity versus Discrimination | |
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| The Law of Discrimination | |
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| The Discrimination-Disparity Continuum | |
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| A Theoretical Perspective on Race, Ethnicity, and Crime | |
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| Alternative Theories | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Victims and Offenders: Myths and Realities About Crime | |
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| Goals of the Chapter | |
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| A Broader Picture of the Crime Victim | |
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| The National Crime Victimization Survey | |
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| Household Victimization | |
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| Personal Victimization | |
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| Trends in Household and Personal Victimization | |
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| Lifetime Likelihood of Victimization | |
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| Homicide Victimization | |
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| Summary: A More Comprehensive Picture of the Crime Victim | |
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| Picture of the Typical Offender | |
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| Official Arrest Statistics | |
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| Perceptions of Offenders by Victims | |
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| Self-Report Surveys | |
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| Summary: A Picture of the Typical Criminal Offender | |
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| Crime as an Intraracial Event | |
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| National Crime Victimization Survey | |
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| Uniform Crime Report Homicide Reports | |
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| Summary | |
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| Crime as an Interracial (Hate) Event | |
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| Ethnic Youth Gangs | |
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| Gang Myths and Realities | |
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| Varieties of Ethnic Gangs | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Race, Ethnicity, Social Structure, and Crime | |
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| The Images from Hurricane Katrina | |
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| Two Societies? | |
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| Goals of the Chapter | |
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| Economic Inequality | |
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| Income | |
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| Wealth | |
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| Unemployment | |
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| Poverty Status | |
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| Insurance Coverage | |
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| Social Capital and Cultural Capital | |
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| Progress, Stagnation, or Regression? The Debate over the Status of African Americans | |
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| The Debate over the Underclass | |
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| Community Social Structure | |
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| Residential Segregation | |
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| Theoretical Perspectives on Inequality and Crime | |
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| Social Strain Theory | |
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| Differential Association Theory | |
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| Social Disorganization Theory | |
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| Culture Conflict Theory | |
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| Conflict Theory | |
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| Routine Activity Theory | |
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| The Limits of Current Theories | |
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| Inequality and Social Reform | |
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| The Impact of the Civil Rights Movement | |
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| The Attack on Economic Inequality | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Justice on the Street? The Police and Racial and Ethnic Minorities | |
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| Unequal Justice? | |
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| Complex and Ambiguous Evidence | |
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| Goals of the Chapter | |
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| A Contextual Approach | |
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| A Long History of Conflict | |
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| The Police and a Changing America | |
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| Public Attitudes About the Police | |
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| The Impact of Police Officer Conduct | |
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| Policing Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities | |
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| The African American Community | |
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| The Hispanic Community | |
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| The Native American Community | |
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| The Middle Eastern Community | |
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| Police Use of Deadly Force | |
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| Disparity versus Discrimination in Police Shootings | |
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| Controlling Police Shootings | |
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| "Police Brutality": Police Use of Physical Force | |
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| Discrimination in Arrests? | |
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| Zero-Tolerance Policing | |
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| Traffic Stops: Racial Profiling | |
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| The Use of Race in Law Enforcement | |
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| Profiling Contexts | |
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| The Data on Traffic Stops | |
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| Interpreting Traffic Stop Data | |
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| Eliminating Bias in Traffic Enforcement | |
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| The PERF Policy on Traffic Enforcement | |
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| A Success Story: The Customs Bureau | |
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| Street Stops and Frisks | |
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| Special Issue: Stereotyping and Routine Police Work | |
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| Verbal Abuse | |
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| Police Officer Attitudes and Behavior | |
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| Police Corruption and People of Color | |
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| Police-Community Relations Programs | |
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| Special Units | |
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| Community Policing | |
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| Responding to Specific Community Concerns | |
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| Reduce Officer Misconduct | |
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| Ensuring Cultural Competence | |
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| Citizen Complaints Against the Police | |
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| Citizen Oversight of the Police | |
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| Police Employment Practices | |
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| Trends in African American and Hispanic Employment | |
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| The Law of Employment Discrimination | |
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| Discrimination in Assignment | |
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| The Impact of Diversity | |
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| People of Color as Supervisors and Chief Executives | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Courts: A Quest for Justice During the Pretrial Process | |
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| The Situation Today | |
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| Goals of the Chapter | |
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| Decisions Regarding Counsel and Bail | |
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| Racial Minorities and the Right to Counsel | |
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| Racial Minorities and Bail Decisionmaking | |
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| Charging and Plea Bargaining Decisions | |
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| Prosecutors' Charging Decisions | |
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| Race and Plea Bargaining Decisions | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Justice on the Bench? Trial and Adjudication in Criminal Court | |
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| Goals of the Chapter | |
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| Selection of the Jury Pool | |
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| Techniques for Increasing Racial Diversity | |
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| The Peremptory Challenge: Racial Profiling in the Courtroom? | |
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| The Supreme Court and the Peremptory Challenge: From Swain to Batson | |
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| Playing the "Race Card" in a Criminal Trial | |
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| Race-Conscious Jury Nullification: Black Power in the Courtroom? | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Race and Sentencing: In Search of Fairness and Justice | |
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| Goals of the Chapter | |
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| Racial Disparity in Sentencing | |
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| Four Explanations for Racial Disparities in Sentencing | |
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| Empirical Research on Race and Sentencing | |
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| Reviews of Recent Research | |
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| When Does Race/Ethnicity Matter? | |
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| Race/Ethnicity and Sentencing: Direct and Indirect Effects | |
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| Race/Ethnicity, Gender, Age, and Employment: A Volatile Combination? | |
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| Differential Treatment of Interracial and Intraracial Sexual Assault | |
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| The Effect of Race on Sentencing for Various Types of Crimes | |
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| Sentencing and the War on Drugs | |
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| Sentencing Reform: The Quest for a "Just" Punishment System | |
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| Challenges to the Indeterminate Sentence | |
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| Race/Ethnicity and the Federal Sentencing Guidelines | |
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| Race/Ethnicity and State Sentencing Reforms | |
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| Have Sentencing Guidelines Increased the Likelihood of Racial Discrimination? | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Color of Death: Race and the Death Penalty | |
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| Goals of the Chapter | |
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| The Constitutionality of the Death Penalty | |
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| Furman v. Georgia | |
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| Post-Furman Decisions | |
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| Attitudes Toward Capital Punishment | |
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| Race and the Death Penalty: The Empirical Evidence | |
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| Statistical Evidence of Racial Disparity | |
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| Pre-Furman Studies | |
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| Post-Gregg Studies | |
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| Race and the Federal Capital Sentencing Process | |
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| Explanations for Disparate Treatment | |
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| McCleskey v. Kemp: The Supreme Court and Racial | |
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| Discrimination in the Application of the Death Penalty | |
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| The Aftermath of McCleskey: Calls for Reform or Abolition of the Death Penalty | |
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| The Death Penalty in the 21st Century | |
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| The Movement to Reform the Death Penalty | |
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| The Movement to Abolish the Death Penalty | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Corrections in America: A Colorful Portrait: Corrections vs. College: Minorities in Society | |
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| Goals of the Chapter | |
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| The Incarcerated: Prison and Jail Populations | |
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| Minority Overrepresentation | |
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| Race, Ethnicity, and Recidivism | |
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| Historical Trends | |
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| Impact of the War on Drugs | |
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| Incarceration Rates | |
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| Jails and Minorities | |
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| The Role of Jail | |
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| Minority Overrepresentation | |
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| Community Corrections | |
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| Parole: Early Release from Prison | |
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| Success and Failure on Parole | |
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| Probation: A Case of Sentencing Discrimination? | |
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| Community Corrections: A Native American Example | |
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| Theoretical Perspectives on the Racial Distribution of Correctional Populations | |
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| Adjustment to Prison | |
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| Prison Gangs | |
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| Women in Prison | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Minority Youth and Crime: Minority Youth in Court | |
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| Goals of the Chapter | |
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| Young Racial Minorities as Victims and Offenders | |
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| Juveniles as Victims of Crime | |
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| Juveniles as Offenders | |
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| Juveniles of Color and the Police | |
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| Race/Ethnicity and the Juvenile Justice System | |
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| Race/Ethnicity and Juvenile Court Outcomes in Five Jurisdictions | |
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| Transfer of Juveniles to Criminal Court | |
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| Explaining Disparate Treatment of Juvenile Offenders | |
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| Juveniles Under Correctional Supervision | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Color of Justice | |
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| Race, Crime, and Justice | |
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| Notes | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Index | |