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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Supplements | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Anthropology | |
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| Introduction to Anthropology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Biocultural Approach | |
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| What Is Anthropology? | |
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| Cultural Anthropology | |
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| Physical Anthropology | |
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| Archaeology | |
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| Linguistic Anthropology | |
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| The Scientific Method | |
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| The Anthropological Perspective | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Heredity and Evolution | |
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| The Development of Evolutionary Theory | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought | |
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| The Scientific Revolution | |
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| Precursors to the Theory of Evolution | |
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| The Discovery of Natural Selection | |
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| Natural Selection | |
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| Natural Selection in Action | |
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| Constraints on Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary Theory | |
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| Opposition to Evolution | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Heredity and Evolution | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Cell | |
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| DNA Structure and Function | |
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| DNA Replication | |
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| Protein Synthesis | |
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| Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis | |
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| Mitosis | |
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| Meiosis | |
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| The Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel | |
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| Mendel's Principle of Segregation | |
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| Dominance and Recessiveness | |
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| Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment | |
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| Mendelian Inheritance in Humans | |
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| Misconceptions Regarding Dominance and Recessiveness | |
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| Polygenic Inheritance | |
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| Genetic and Environmental Factors | |
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| Mitochondrial Inheritance | |
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| New Frontiers | |
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| Modern Evolutionary Theory | |
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| The Modern Synthesis | |
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| A Current Definition of Evolution | |
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| Factors That Produce and Redistribute Variation | |
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| Mutation | |
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| Gene Flow | |
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| Genetic Drift and Founder Effect | |
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| Recombination | |
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| Natural Selection Acts on Variation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Cutting Edge Research-Molecular Applications in Forensic Anthropology | |
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| Modern Human Variation and Adaptation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical Views of Human Variation | |
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| The Concept of Race | |
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| Racism | |
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| Intelligence | |
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| Contemporary Interpretations of Human Variation | |
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| Human Polymorphisms | |
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| Polymorphisms at the DNA Level | |
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| Human Biocultural Evolution | |
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| Population Genetics | |
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| The Adaptive Significance of Human Variation | |
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| Solar Radiation, Vitamin D, and Skin Color | |
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| The Thermal Environment | |
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| High Altitude | |
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| Infectious Disease | |
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| The Continuing Impact of Infectious Disease | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Macroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Human Place in the Organic World | |
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| Principles of Classification | |
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| Constructing Classifications and Interpreting Evolutionary Relationships | |
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| Definition of Species | |
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| Interpreting Species and Other Groups in the Fossil Record | |
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| Vertebrate Evolutionary History: A Brief Summary | |
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| Digging Deeper: Deep Time | |
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| Mammalian Evolution | |
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| The Emergence of Major Mammalian Groups | |
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| Processes of Macroevolution | |
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| Adaptive Radiation | |
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| Generalized and Specialized Characteristics | |
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| Modes of Evolutionary Change | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Primates | |
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| An Overview of the Primates | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Characteristics of Primates | |
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| Primate Adaptations | |
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| Evolutionary Factors | |
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| Geographical Distribution and Habitats | |
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| Diet and Teeth | |
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| Locomotion | |
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| Primate Classification | |
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| A Survey of the Living Primates | |
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| Prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises) | |
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| Tarsiers | |
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| Anthropoids (Monkeys, Apes, and Humans) | |
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| Hominoids (Apes and Humans) | |
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| Humans | |
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| Endangered Primates | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Cutting Edge Research-Molecular Applications in Primatology | |
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| Primate Behavior | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Evolution of Behavior | |
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| Some Factors That Influence Social Structure | |
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| Why Be Social? | |
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| Primate Social Behavior | |
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| Dominance | |
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| Communication | |
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| Aggressive Interactions | |
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| Affiliation and Altruism | |
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| Reproduction and Reproductive Behaviors | |
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| Female and Male Reproductive Strategies | |
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| Sexual Selection | |
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| Infanticide as a Reproductive Strategy? | |
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| Mothers, Fathers, and Infants | |
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| Primate Cultural Behavior | |
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| Language | |
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| The Primate Continuum | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Paleoanthropology/Fossil Hominids | |
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| Understanding the Past: Archaeological and Paleoanthropological Methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definition of Hominid | |
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| Mosaic Evolution | |
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| What's in a Name? | |
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| Biocultural Evolution: The Human Capacity for Culture | |
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| Paleoanthropology | |
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| Archaeology | |
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| Goals of Archaeology | |
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| Archaeological Research Projects | |
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| Digging Deeper: Mechanisms of Cultural Variation and Change | |
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| Piecing Together the Past | |
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| Artifacts, Features, and Contexts | |
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| Ethnoarchaeology | |
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| Digging Deeper: Reconstructing Cultural Behavior from Garbage | |
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| Experimental Archaeology | |
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| Dating Methods | |
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| Relative Dating | |
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| Chronometric Dating | |
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| Paleoanthropology/Archaeology at Olduvai Gorge | |
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| Digging Deeper: Discovery of Zinjanthropus, July 17, 1959 | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Cutting Edge Research-Reconstructing the Diets of Earlier Humans | |
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| Hominid Origins | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Early Primate Evolution | |
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| Miocene Fossil Hominoids | |
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| The Bipedal Adaptation | |
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| Early Hominids from Africa | |
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| Earliest Traces: Pre-Australopithecus Finds | |
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| Australopithecus from East Africa | |
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| Australopithecus afarensis from Laetoli and Hadar | |
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| Digging Deeper: Cranial Capacity | |
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| A Contemporaneous Non-Australopithecine Find? | |
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| Later East African Australopithecine Finds | |
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| Early Homo | |
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| South African Hominids | |
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| Earliest Discoveries | |
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| Further Discoveries of South African Hominids | |
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| Review of Hominids from South Africa | |
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| Interpretations: What Does It All Mean? | |
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| Continuing Uncertainties-Taxonomic Issues | |
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| Putting It All Together | |
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| Adaptive Patterns of Early African Hominids | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus and Contemporaries | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A New Kind of Hominid | |
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| The Morpology of Homo erectus | |
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| Brain Size | |
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| Body Size | |
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| Cranial Shape | |
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| Dentition | |
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| Who Were the Earliest African Emigrants? | |
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| The Dmanisi Hominids | |
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| Historical Overview of Homo erectus Discoveries | |
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| Java | |
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| Homo erectus from Java | |
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| Peking (Beijing) | |
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| Zhoukoudian Homo erectus | |
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| Digging Deeper: Controllers of Fire | |
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| Other Chinese Sites | |
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| East Africa | |
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| Digging Deeper: The Nariokotome Skeleton | |
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| Summary of East African Homo erectus/ergaster | |
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| North Africa | |
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| Europe | |
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| Technological and Population Trends in Homo erectus | |
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| Technological Trends | |
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| Population Trends | |
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| Interpretations of Homo erectus: Continuing Uncertainties | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Premodern Humans | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Where, When, and What | |
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| The Pleistocene | |
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| Dispersal of Middle Pleistocene Hominids | |
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| Middle Pleistocene Hominids: Terminology | |
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| Premodern Humans of the Middle Pleistocene | |
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| Africa | |
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| Europe | |
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| Asia | |
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| A Review of Middle Pleistocene Evolution | |
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| Middle Pleistocene Culture | |
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| Neandertals: Premodern Humans of the Upper Pleistocene | |
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| France and Spain | |
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| Central Europe | |
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| Western Asia | |
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| Central Asia | |
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| Culture of Neandertals | |
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| Technology | |
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| Subsistence | |
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| Symbolic Behavior | |
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| Burials | |
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| Genetic Evidence | |
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| Trends in Human Evolution: Understanding Premodern Humans | |
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| Digging Deeper: Are They Human? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Cutting Edge Research-Ancient DNA | |
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| The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Approaches to Understanding Modern Human Origins | |
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| The Complete Replacement Model: Recent African Evolution | |
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| Partial Replacement Models | |
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| The Regional Continuity Model: Multiregional Evolution | |
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| Seeing the Big Picture | |
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| The Earliest Discoveries of Modern Humans | |
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| Africa | |
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| The Near East | |
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| Central Europe | |
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| Western Europe | |
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| Asia | |
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| Australia | |
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| Something New and Different | |
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| Technology and Art in the Upper Paleolithic | |
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| Europe | |
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| Digging Deeper: Maybe, You Can Take It with You | |
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| Africa | |
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| Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culture | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Archaeology | |
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| Early Holocene Hunters and Gatherers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Entering the New World | |
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| Bering Land Bridge | |
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| Pacific Coastal Route | |
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| North Atlantic Ice-Edge Corridor | |
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| The Earliest Americans | |
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| Biological and Genetic Evidence | |
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| Digging Deeper: Kennewick Man-Put Yourself in His Place | |
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| Cultural Traces of the Earliest Americans | |
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| Paleo-Indians in the Americas | |
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| Paleo-Indian Lifeways | |
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| Pleistocene Extinctions | |
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| Early Holocene Hunter-Gatherers | |
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| Environmental Changes | |
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| Cultural Adjustments | |
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| Case Studies of Early Holocene Cultures | |
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| Archaic Hunter-Gatherers of North America | |
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| Mesolithic of Northern Europe | |
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| Epipaleolithic of the Near East | |
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| Digging Deeper: A Remarkable New Window on the Epipaleolithic | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Food Production | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Neolithic Revolution | |
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| Explaining the Origins of Domestication and Agriculture | |
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| Defining Agriculture and Domestication | |
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| Environmental Approaches | |
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| Cultural Approaches | |
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| From Collecting to Cultivating | |
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| Archaeological Evidence for Domestication and Agriculture | |
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| Digging Deeper: What's to Eat? | |
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| Plants | |
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| Digging Deeper: Learning about Dead Plants: The Primary Data Are Getting Smaller | |
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| Animals | |
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| Old World Farmers | |
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| The Near East | |
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| Africa | |
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| Asia | |
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| Europe | |
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| New World Farmers | |
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| New World Domesticates | |
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| Mexico | |
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| South America | |
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| Southwestern United States | |
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| Eastern North America | |
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| Biocultural Consequences of Food Production | |
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| Population Density and Permanent Settlements | |
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| Technologies | |
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| Economic and Social Relations | |
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| Environmental Changes | |
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| Environmental Diversity | |
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| Science and Religion | |
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| Cultural Competition and Change | |
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| Health Consequences | |
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| Looking at the Big Picture | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Cutting Edge Research-Geomatics: Analyzing Spatial Patterns of the Past | |
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| The First Civilizations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Civilizations in Perspective | |
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| Cities | |
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| States | |
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| Civilizations | |
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| Why Did Civilizations Form? | |
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| Environmental Explanations | |
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| Cultural Explanations | |
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| Old World Civilizations | |
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| Mesopotamia | |
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| Egypt | |
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| Digging Deeper: Who Invented Writing? | |
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| Digging Deeper: Mummies and the Archaeology of the Human Body | |
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| Indus | |
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| Northern China | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| New World Civilizations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Lowland Mesoamerica | |
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| Olmec: Chiefdom or State? | |
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| Classic Maya | |
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| Digging Deeper: How to Count and Measure Time-The Maya Way | |
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| Highland Mexico | |
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| Teotihuacan | |
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| Toltecs and Postclassic Maya | |
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| Aztecs | |
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| Peru | |
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| Fishing, Farming, and the Rise of Civilization | |
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| Chavin | |
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| Early States | |
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| Inka | |
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| European Conquest of the New World | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Atlas of Primate Skeletal Anatomy | |
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| Summary of Early Hominid Fossil Finds from Africa | |
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| Population Genetics | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Photo Credits | |
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| Index | |