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Preface | |
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What Is an Argument? (And What Is Not?) | |
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Argument and Opinion | |
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What Is an Argument? | |
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Where and How Do You Find Arguments? | |
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Why Are Arguments Important? | |
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What Isn't an Argument? | |
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Argument and Explanation: What's the Difference? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review of Terms Introduced | |
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Notes | |
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Pinning Down Argument Structure | |
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Standardizing an Argument | |
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From Colloquial Writing to Standardized Form | |
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General Strategies for Standardizing Arguments | |
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Important Details about Conclusions | |
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Important Details about Premises | |
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The Principle of Charity in Argument Interpretation | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review of Terms Introduced | |
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Notes | |
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When Is an Argument a Good One? | |
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The ARG Conditions | |
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More on the (R) and (G) Conditions: Reasoning from Premises to Conclusions | |
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Using the ARG Conditions to Evaluate Arguments | |
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The Significance of Argument Evaluation | |
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The Challenge of Argument | |
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Evaluating Arguments and Constructing Your Own Arguments | |
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The Dialectical Context | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review of Terms Introduced | |
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Notes | |
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Looking at Language | |
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Definitions | |
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Further Features of Language | |
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Clarity and Audience: The Problem of Jargon | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review of Terms Introduced | |
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Notes | |
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Premises: What to Accept and Why | |
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The Dilemma of Premises | |
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When Premises Are Acceptable | |
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Summary of Acceptability Conditions | |
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When Premises Are Unacceptable | |
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Summary of Unacceptability Conditions | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review of Terms Introduced | |
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Notes | |
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Working on Relevance | |
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Characteristics of Relevance | |
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Some Ways of Being Relevant | |
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Irrelevance: Some General Comments | |
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Fallacies Involving Irrelevance | |
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Irrelevance, Missing Premises, and Argument Criticism | |
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Emotional Appeals, Irrelevance, and Distraction | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review of Terms Introduced | |
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Notes | |
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Deductions: Categorical Logic | |
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Deductive Relations | |
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Four Categorical Forms | |
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Natural Language and Categorical Form | |
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Venn Diagrams | |
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Rules of Immediate Inference | |
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Contrary and Contradictory Predicates and False Dichotomies | |
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Categorical Logic: Some Philosophical Background | |
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The Categorical Syllogism | |
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The Rules of the Categorical Syllogism | |
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Applying Categorical Logic | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review of Terms Introduced | |
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Notes | |
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Deductively Valid Arguments: Propositional Logic | |
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Definition of the Basic Symbols Used in Propositional Logic | |
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Testing for Validity by the Truth Table Technique | |
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The Shorter Truth Table Technique | |
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Translating from English into Propositional Logic | |
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Further Points about Translation | |
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Simple Proofs in Propositional Logic | |
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Propositional Logic and Cogent Arguments | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review of Terms Introduced | |
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Notes | |
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An Introduction to Inductive Arguments | |
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Philosophical Background | |
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Inductive Generalizations | |
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Causal Inductive Arguments | |
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Correlations | |
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Problems with Premises | |
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Common Fallacies in Inductive Arguments | |
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Different Senses of Inductive | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review of Terms Introduced | |
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Notes | |
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Analogies: Reasoning from Case to Case | |
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The Nature and Functions of Analogy | |
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Analogy and Consistency | |
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Inductive Analogies | |
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Further Critical Strategies | |
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Loose and Misleading Analogies | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review of Terms Introduced | |
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Notes | |
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Conductive Arguments and Counterconsiderations | |
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Counterconsiderations | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review of Terms Introduced | |
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Notes | |
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Reflective Analysis of Longer Works | |
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Introduction | |
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Reading for Understanding | |
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Reading for Appraisal | |
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Developing an Outline for Your Essay | |
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A Sample Essay | |
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Working through an Example | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review of Terms Introduced | |
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Note | |
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A Summary of Fallacies | |
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Selected Essays for Analysis | |
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"How Patriarchy Becomes Santa Claus: Why a Myth Is as Good as Its Smile," | |
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"Abortion and Violence," | |
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"Believing in the Goddess?" | |
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"Clash Over Climate Change: Singer Article Clouds the Picture," | |
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"Global Warming Proof Still Suspect," | |
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Answers to Selected Exercises | |
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Index | |