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| Preface | |
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| Metaethics | |
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| Moral Relativism | |
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| "A Dialogue," from Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751) [A] | |
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| "The Challenge of Cultural Relativism," from Elements of Moral Philosophy (1999) | |
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| Moral Realism vs. Moral Skepticism | |
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| "Moral Forms," from The Republic, Bk. 6, 504d-510b (4th cn. BCE) | |
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| "Moral Skepticism," from Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong (1977) | |
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| God and Morality | |
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| "Euthyphro Dilemma" from Euthyphro 10a-11b (4th cn. BCE) | |
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| from "The Treatise on Law" in Summa Theologica (c.1270) | |
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| "Morality Independent of Religion," from Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779) and The Natural History of Religion (1757) | |
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| "The Primacy of God's Will in Theistic Ethics" (1992) [A] | |
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| "God and the Basis of Morality" (1982) | |
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| Egoism vs. Altruism | |
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| "The Selfish Origins of Pity and Charity," from Leviathan, (1651) Book 1, ch. 6, Of Human Nature (1650), Ch. 9, sect. 10 and 17 | |
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| "The Natural Desire Towards Public Good," from Sermons 1 of Fifteen Sermons (1726) | |
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| "Psychological Egoism" (1965) | |
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| Reason vs. Emotion | |
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| "Moral Relations," from Discourse (1706) | |
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| "Moral Distinctions not Derived from Reason," from A Treatise of Human Nature, and An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1740, 1751) [A] | |
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| "The Best Thing to Do," from The Moral Point of View (1958) | |
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| Emotivism and Prescriptivism | |
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| "Emotivism," from Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) | |
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| "Emotivism and Descriptive Meanings of Ethical Terms" from Ethics and Language (1944) | |
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| "Prescriptive and Descriptive Meaning of Ethical Terms," from The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers (1960) | |
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| Normative Ethics | |
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| Virtue Theory | |
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| "Moral Virtues" from Nicomachean Ethics Bk. 2 (4th cn. BCE) | |
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| "The Misfortunes of Virtue" (1990) | |
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| "Virtue Theory" (1991) | |
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| "On Some Vices of Virtue Ethics" (1984) | |
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| Social Contract Theory | |
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| "The Nature and Origin of Justice," from The Republic (4th cn. BCE) | |
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| "The State of Nature and Laws of Nature," from Leviathan, Chapters 13-15 (1651) [A] | |
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| "Hobbes's Social Contract Theory" [N] | |
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| from A Theory of Justice (1971) | |
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| "Rawls's Theory," from Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) | |
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| Moral Rights | |
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| "Natural Rights," from Second Treatise of Government (1690) | |
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| "The Division of Rights," from The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy (1785) | |
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| "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" (1948) | |
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| "The Nature and Value of Rights" (1979) | |
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| Moral Duties | |
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| "Duties to God, Self, and Others" from The Duty of Man and Citizen (1673) [A] | |
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| from The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Chapter 2 (1785) | |
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| "Kant's Categorical Imperative" [N] | |
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| from The Right and the Good (1930) W.D. Ross | |
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| "Ross's Intuitionist Theory of Duty" [N] | |
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| Hedonism and Utilitarianism | |
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| "Letter to Menoeceus" (3rd cn. BCE.) | |
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| "Happiness and Pleasrue," from Utopia (1516) | |
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| "Computing the Greatest Happiness," from Inquiry Concerning Moral Good and Evil (1725) | |
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| "The Principle of Utility," from Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) | |
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| from Utilitarianism (1863) [A] | |
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| "Morality and Consequences" [R] | |
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| "A Critical Look at Consequentialism" [N] | |
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| Feminist Ethics | |
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| "Women and Morality" from A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) | |
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| "Ethics from the Stand Point of Women" (1990) | |
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| "Is There a Female Morality?" [N] | |
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| Applied Ethics | |
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| Suicide | |
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| "Against Suicide," from City of God (c. 413 CE) | |
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| "Whether It Is Lawful to Kill Oneself" from Summa Theologica (c.1270) | |
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| "Of Suicide" (1783) | |
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| "Suicide" from Lectures on Ethics (c.1780) | |
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| Euthanasia | |
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| "Hippocratic Oath" (c. 400 BCE) | |
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| "Voluntary Death," from Utopia (1516) | |
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| "Active and Passive Euthanasia" (1975) | |
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| "Active and Passive Euthanasia: An Impertinent Distinction?" (1977) | |
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| "More Impertinent Distinctions and a Defense of Active Euthanasia" (1978) | |
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| Abortion | |
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| "Fetuses and the Human Soul," from Summa Theologica (c.1270) | |
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| "An Argument that Abortion is Wrong" (1996) | |
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| "A Defense of Abortion" (1971) Judith Jarvis Thomson | |
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| Capital Punishment | |
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| "The Death Penalty" in On Crimes and Punishments (1764) | |
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| "Speech in Favor of Capital Punishment" (1868) | |
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| from The Case Against the Death Penalty (1997) | |
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| "The Ultimate Punishment" (1986) | |
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| Animal Ethics | |
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| "Killing Plants and Animals" from City of God (c. 413 CE) | |
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| "Whether it is Unlawful to Kill any Living Thing," from Summa Theologica (c.1270) | |
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| "The Automatism of Animals "from Letter to Henry More (c.1648) | |
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| "Duties towards Animals" from Lectures on Ethics (c.1780) | |
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| "The Case for Animal Rights" (1985) | |
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| "Do Animals have Rights?" (1991) | |
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| Environmental Ethics | |
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| "Against the View that God Dwells in Plant Life," from Of the Morals of the Manacheans (388 CE) | |
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| "Primeval Nature" from Maine Woods (1864) | |
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| "The Land Ethic," from A Sand County Almanac (1949) | |
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| "An Argument Against Normative Ecocentrism" [R] | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Acknowledgements | |