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Preface | |
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Introduction to The Ancient Voyage | |
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The Greek Cultural Context: From Poetry to Philosophy | |
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The Role of the Poets | |
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The Natural Order According to Homer | |
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The Moral Ideal According to Homer | |
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Conflicts Within Homer's Picture | |
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The Birth of Western Philosophy | |
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Outline of Classical Philosophy | |
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Greek Philosophy Before Socrates | |
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The Milesian Philosophers | |
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Thales | |
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Thales' Question | |
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Thales' Answer | |
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The Problem of Change | |
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Thales' Significance | |
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Anaximander | |
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Anaximander's Question | |
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Anaximander's Answer | |
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The Problem of Change | |
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Anaximander's Significance | |
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Anaximenes | |
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Anaximenes' Question | |
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Anaximenes' Answer | |
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The Problem of Change | |
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Anaximenes' Significance | |
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Summary of the Milesians' Methods | |
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Summary of the Milesians' Metaphysics | |
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Pythagoras and His School | |
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Pythagoras: Mathematician and Mystic | |
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Philosophy and Salvation | |
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Reality Is Mathematical | |
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The Pythagoreans' Significance | |
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Xenophanes | |
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The Destroyer of Myths | |
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Theory of Knowledge | |
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Philosophy of Religion | |
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Xenophanes' Significance | |
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Heraclitus | |
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The Lover of Paradoxes | |
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Reason Is the Path to Knowledge | |
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Reality as Change and Conflict | |
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The Primacy of Change | |
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The Unity of Opposites | |
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Fire | |
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Logos Again | |
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Moral and Social Philosophy | |
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Heraclitus's Significance | |
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Parmenides and the Eleatics | |
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Parmenides: The Rigorous Rationalist | |
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Reality Is Unchanging | |
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Reason Versus the Senses | |
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Zeno of Elea: Coming to Parmenides' Defense | |
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Evaluation and Significance of the Eleatics | |
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The Pluralists | |
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The Pluralists' Task | |
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Empedocles | |
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Anaxagoras | |
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Evaluation of Anaxagoras | |
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Democritus and the Atomists | |
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Being | |
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Becoming | |
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The World of Appearances | |
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Theory of Knowledge | |
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Ethics | |
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Significance of the Atomists | |
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Summary of the Pre-Socratics | |
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The Sophists and Socrates | |
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The Sophists | |
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Skepticism and the Keys to Success | |
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Protagoras | |
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Gorgias | |
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Antiphon | |
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Evaluation and Significance of the Sophists | |
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Socrates | |
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Socrates on Trial | |
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The Sources of Socrates' Thought | |
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Socrates' Task: Exposing Ignorance | |
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Socrates' Method | |
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Socratic Questioning | |
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Socrates' Method of Argument | |
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Socrates' Theory of Knowledge | |
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Socrates' Metaphysics | |
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The Human Soul | |
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Ethics and the Good Life | |
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Virtue and Excellence | |
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Knowing and Doing | |
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Political Philosophy | |
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Socrates' Legacy | |
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Plato: The Search for Ultimate Truth and Reality | |
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Plato's Life: From Student to University President | |
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Plato's Task: Making Philosophy Comprehensive | |
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Theory of Knowledge: Reason Versus Opinion | |
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Rejection of Relativism | |
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Rejection of Sense Experience | |
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Knowledge Is Not True Belief | |
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Universal Forms Are the Basis of Knowledge | |
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Knowledge Comes Through Recollection | |
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Plato's Divided Line | |
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Metaphysics: Shadows and Reality | |
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The Reality of the Forms | |
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The Problem of Change | |
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The Relationship of Particulars to the Forms | |
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The Allegory of the Cave | |
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Moral Theory | |
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Against Relativism | |
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Why Be Moral? | |
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Morality and Human Nature | |
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Political Theory | |
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The Three Divisions in Society | |
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The Decline of the Ideal State | |
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Plato's Cosmology: Purpose and Chance | |
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Evaluation and Significance | |
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Aristotle: Understanding the Natural World | |
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Aristotle's Life: Biologist, Tutor, and Philosopher | |
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Plato and Aristotle | |
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Theory of Knowledge: Finding Universals Within Particulars | |
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Aristotle's Appeal to Experience | |
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Language, Thought, and Reality | |
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The Essential Categories | |
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The Discovery of Logic | |
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First Principles | |
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Metaphysics: Understanding the Here-and-Now World | |
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Critique of the Platonic Forms | |
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Substance: The Key to Reality | |
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Form and Matter | |
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Potentiality and Actuality | |
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Understanding Change | |
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Teleology | |
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God: The Unmoved Mover | |
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Ethics: Keeping Things in Balance | |
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Happiness | |
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Virtue Is a State of Character | |
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Virtue Is Concerned with Choice | |
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Virtue and the Mean | |
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Universal Principles and Relative Applications | |
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The Mean Determined by Practical Wisdom | |
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The Best Form of Life | |
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Evaluation and Significance | |
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Classical Philosophy After Aristotle | |
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The Transition to Hellenistic and Roman Philosophy | |
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Cynicism | |
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Epicureanism | |
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Epicurean Metaphysics | |
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Ethics and Pleasure | |
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Epicurean Social Philosophy | |
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Religion and Death | |
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The Significance of the Epicureans | |
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Stoicism | |
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Comparison of Epicureanism and Stoicism | |
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Stoic Metaphysics | |
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Ethics and Resignation | |
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Stoic Social Philosophy | |
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The Roman Stoics | |
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The Significance of the Stoics | |
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Skepticism | |
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Academic Skepticism | |
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The Revival of Pyrrhonian Skepticism | |
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The Significance of Skepticism | |
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Plotinus and Neoplatonism | |
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The One | |
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Intellect | |
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Soul | |
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The Material World | |
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The Problem of Evil | |
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The Way of Ascent | |
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The Significance of Neoplatonism | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |