Fundamentals of Reasoning : A Logic Book

Name: Fundamentals of Reasoning : A Logic Book
Price: 6.75 USD
Availability: InStock
ISBN: 9780534561086

ISBN-10: 053456108X

ISBN-13: 9780534561086

Edition: 4th 2002

Authors: Robert M. Johnson

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The predominant strategy of this text is to move from the simple to the complex. It includes topics such as categorical and sentential logic, informal fallacies, inductive logic, and extended arguments. With a non-technical approach, this book leads students step-by-step through simple demonstrations and then on to more complex material as their comfort level increases. Well designed examples, sample problems, explanatory charts and diagrams, and exercises abound.

Book details

Edition: 4th
Copyright year: 2002
Publisher: Wadsworth
Publication date: 8/28/2001
Binding: Paperback
Pages: 432
Size: 6.25" wide x 9.25" long x 1.00" tall
Weight: 1.386
Language: English

Preface	p. xi
Logic and Argument	p. 1
Logic Defined	p. 1
Statements	p. 3
Identifying Statements	p. 5
Argument Defined	p. 7
Argument Form	p. 10
Diagraming Arguments	p. 12
Diagraming Arguments	p. 15
Composing Arguments	p. 16
Supplying Missing Parts: Enthymemes	p. 17
Enthymemes: Missing Premises and Conclusions	p. 19
Recognizing Real Arguments	p. 20
Interpretation and the Principle of Charity	p. 23
Recognizing Real Arguments	p. 24
Summary	p. 26
Review Questions	p. 27
Discussion Questions	p. 28
Infotrac Assignment	p. 28
Good Argument, Deductive Validity, and Inductive Strength	p. 29
Good Arguments	p. 29
Inferential Support: Does the Conclusion Follow?	p. 30
Deductive Validity Defined	p. 33
Deductive Validity
Does the Conclusion Follow Necessarily?	p. 35
Inductive Strength
Does the Conclusion Follow Probably?	p. 36
Validity and Logical Form	p. 37
Validity and Logical Form	p. 42
More Logical Form	p. 43
Truth, Validity, and Good Argument	p. 44
What, if Anything, Is Wrong with This Argument?	p. 46
Summary	p. 48
Review Questions	p. 48
Discussion Questions	p. 49
Infotrac Assignment	p. 49
Categorical Logic Part I	p. 50
Introduction	p. 50
Categories and Reasoning	p. 52
The Four Categorical Forms	p. 54
Categorical Forms	p. 56
Change the Quality	p. 57
Change the Quantity	p. 57
Venn Diagrams	p. 58
Diagramming with Two Categories	p. 59
Drawing Venn Diagrams	p. 61
Reading Venn Diagrams	p. 62
Recognizing Simple Inferences	p. 63
Recognizing Simple Inferences	p. 63
The Squares of Opposition	p. 64
The Traditional Square of Opposition	p. 65
Inferences on the Traditional Square	p. 68
Inferences on the Traditional Square of Opposition	p. 72
More Inferences	p. 73
Quick Check on the Square	p. 73
The Modern Square of Opposition	p. 74
Inferences on the Modern Square of Opposition	p. 78
The Operations	p. 79
The Operations: Equivalences	p. 86
Negating Terms: Contradictories and Contraries	p. 86
Operations	p. 91
What Operation?	p. 92
Valid or Invalid?	p. 93
Simplifying with Operations	p. 93
Review Questions	p. 94
Discussion Questions	p. 95
Categorical Logic Part II	p. 97
Translating into Categorical Form	p. 97
Translating Guide	p. 98
Translating	p. 108
Translating	p. 109
The Categorical Syllogism	p. 109
Testing Validity with Venn Diagrams	p. 110
The Bar	p. 113
Making an Existential Assumption	p. 114
Diagramming with Three Circles	p. 115
Reading Venn Diagrams	p. 116
Testing Validity with Venn Diagrams	p. 116
Special Cases for the Syllogism	p. 117
Valid or Invalid?	p. 126
Sorites	p. 126
Summary	p. 128
Review Questions	p. 129
Discussion Questions	p. 130
Truth-functional Logic Part I	p. 131
Introduction	p. 131
Statements and Operators	p. 132
The Logical Operators Defined	p. 134
The Symbols and Their Uses	p. 136
Symbolic Translation	p. 136
Symbols Used in Truth-functional Logic	p. 136
Symbolic Translation	p. 138
Grouping and the Scope of Operators	p. 139
Symbolizing with Parentheses and Brackets	p. 140
Translating and Grouping	p. 142
Special Cases for Translation	p. 143
Variations on the Conjunction and Disjunction	p. 144
Variations on the Conditional	p. 146
Special Cases for Translation	p. 149
More Symbolic Translations	p. 150
The Truth-Functions	p. 152
Constructing Truth Tables	p. 155
Truth Tables for the Operators	p. 159
The Truth-values of Compounds	p. 159
Translating and Truth Tables	p. 159
Interpreting Symbolic Statements	p. 161
Review Questions	p. 161
Discussion Questions	p. 163
Truth-functional Logic Part II	p. 164
Truth Tables for Evaluating Arguments	p. 165
The Truth Table Method	p. 167
Indirect Truth Tables	p. 169
Indirect Truth Table Method	p. 172
Statements and Relations	p. 173
Types of Statements: Tautologies, Self-contradictions, and Contingencies	p. 173
Types of Relations: Equivalences and Contradictories	p. 175
Tautologies, Self-contradictions, and Contingencies	p. 176
Equivalences and Contradictories	p. 177
Summary	p. 177
Review Questions	p. 178
Discussion Questions	p. 179
Formal Deduction	p. 180
Introduction	p. 180
The rules of Inference: Group I	p. 181
The Validity of Rules of Inference, Group I	p. 187
Deduction with the Rules of Inference, Group I	p. 188
The Rules of Inference: Group II	p. 188
The Validity of Rules of Inference, Group II	p. 191
Complete the Deductions	p. 192
Rules of Inference	p. 194
Equivalences	p. 195
Rules of Inference	p. 200
Equivalences	p. 200
Equivalences and Rules of Inference	p. 201
More Deductions	p. 202
Symbolize and Deduce	p. 203
Review Questions	p. 205
Inductive Logic	p. 206
Inductive Strength	p. 207
Inductive Generalization	p. 210
Summary: Inductive Generalization	p. 215
Inductive Generalization	p. 216
More Inductive Generalizations	p. 218
Causal Arguments	p. 220
Causal Statements	p. 220
The Senses of the Word 'Cause'	p. 222
The Structure of Causal Relationships	p. 223
Causal Structure	p. 225
Describing Causes	p. 227
Types of Causal Arguments	p. 227
Types of Causal Arguments	p. 229
Mill's Methods	p. 232
Summary: Mill's Methods	p. 239
Mill's Methods	p. 240
Argument from Analogy	p. 243
Summary: Argument from Analogy	p. 251
Arguments from Analogy	p. 252
Summary	p. 255
Identifying Types of Arguments	p. 256
Identifying More Difficult Arguments	p. 257
Review Questions	p. 261
Discussion Questions	p. 262
Infotrac Assignment	p. 262
Informal Fallacies	p. 263
Appeal to Authority	p. 264
Appeal to the People	p. 265
Appeal to Force	p. 266
Appeal to Pity	p. 267
Appeal to Ignorance	p. 267
Ad Hominem	p. 269
False Cause	p. 271
Slippery Slope	p. 273
Either/Or Fallacy	p. 274
Equivocation	p. 276
Hasty Generalization	p. 277
Fallacy of Composition	p. 279
Fallacy of Division	p. 280
False Analogy	p. 281
Begging the Question	p. 284
Straw Man	p. 285
Red Herring	p. 287
Inconsistency	p. 288
Summary	p. 291
Identifying Fallacies	p. 292
More Informal Fallacies	p. 295
Composing Fallacies	p. 304
Review Questions	p. 305
Discussion Questions	p. 306
Evaluating Arguments	p. 307
A Procedure for Argument Evaluation	p. 307
Exposing Real Arguments	p. 308
Omitting, Rewriting, and Paraphrasing	p. 309
Omitting Sentences	p. 309
Rewriting Sentences	p. 314
Paraphrasing	p. 318
Omitting, Rewriting, and Paraphrasing	p. 321
More on Enthymemes: Plausible Interpretations	p. 327
Real Enthymemes: Missing Premises and Conclusions	p. 329
Examining Premises	p. 332
Empirical and Nonempirical Statements	p. 333
Empirical or Nonempirical?	p. 336
More on Empirical and Nonempirical	p. 337
Sample Evaluations	p. 339
Sample Evaluation 1	p. 339
Sample Evaluation 2	p. 340
Evaluating Real Arguments	p. 342
Review Questions	p. 352
Discussion Questions	p. 353
Infotrac Assignment	p. 354
Answers to Selected Exercises	p. 355
Glossary	p. 405
Index	p. 413
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