Introduction | p. 1 |
Experimental Psychology and the Scientific Method | p. 2 |
The Need for Scientific Methodology | p. 4 |
The Characteristics of Modern Science | p. 9 |
The Tools of Psychological Science | p. 15 |
Scientific Explanation in Psychological Science | p. 19 |
The Organization of the Text | p. 22 |
Summary | p. 23 |
Key Terms | p. 24 |
Review and Study Questions | p. 25 |
Critical Thinking Exercise | p. 26 |
Online Resources | p. 26 |
Research Ethics | p. 27 |
Research Ethics | p. 28 |
The American Psychological Association Guidelines | p. 31 |
Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects | p. 38 |
Fraud in Science | p. 46 |
Plagiarism | p. 48 |
Summary | p. 49 |
Key Terms | p. 50 |
Review and Study Questions | p. 51 |
Critical Thinking Exercise | p. 52 |
Online Resources | p. 52 |
Alternatives to Experimentation: Nonexperimental Designs | p. 53 |
Describing Research Activities | p. 55 |
Nonexperimental Approaches | p. 56 |
Sampling | p. 75 |
Summary | p. 82 |
Key Terms | p. 83 |
Review and Study Questions | p. 85 |
Critical Thinking Exercise | p. 86 |
Online Resources | p. 86 |
Alternatives to Experimentation: Correlational and Quasi-Experimental Designs | p. 87 |
Correlational Designs | p. 90 |
Quasi-Experimental Designs | p. 102 |
Summary | p. 113 |
Key Terms | p. 114 |
Review and Study Questions | p. 115 |
Critical Thinking Exercise | p. 116 |
Online Resources | p. 116 |
Formulating the Hypothesis | p. 117 |
The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis | p. 119 |
The Inductive Model | p. 123 |
The Deductive Model | p. 124 |
Combining Induction and Deduction | p. 125 |
Building on Prior Research | p. 126 |
Serendipity and the Windfall Hypothesis | p. 127 |
Intuition | p. 128 |
When All Else Fails | p. 131 |
Searching the Research Literature | p. 132 |
Summary | p. 136 |
Key Terms | p. 137 |
Review and Study Questions | p. 137 |
Critical Thinking Exercise | p. 138 |
Online Resources | p. 139 |
Method | p. 141 |
The Basics of Experimentation | p. 142 |
Independent and Dependent Variables | p. 144 |
Operational Definitions | p. 151 |
Evaluating Operational Definitions | p. 161 |
Evaluating the Experiment: Internal Validity | p. 168 |
Planning the Method Section | p. 178 |
Summary | p. 181 |
Key Terms | p. 182 |
Review and Study Questions | p. 184 |
Critical Thinking Exercise | p. 185 |
Online Resources | p. 185 |
Solving Problems: Controlling Extraneous Variables | p. 186 |
Physical Variables | p. 187 |
Social Variables | p. 191 |
Personality Variables | p. 203 |
Context Variables | p. 206 |
Summary | p. 208 |
Key Terms | p. 209 |
Review and Study Questions | p. 210 |
Critical Thinking Exercise | p. 211 |
Online Resources | p. 211 |
Basic Between-Subjects Designs | p. 212 |
Selecting and Recruiting Subjects | p. 214 |
One Independent Variable: Two-Group Designs | p. 217 |
Two Independent Groups | p. 218 |
Two Matched Groups | p. 229 |
Multiple Groups | p. 233 |
Summary | p. 239 |
Key Terms | p. 241 |
Review and Study Questions | p. 242 |
Critical Thinking Exercise | p. 243 |
Online Resources | p. 243 |
Between-Subjects Factorial Designs | p. 244 |
More Than One Independent Variable | p. 245 |
Laying Out a Factorial Design | p. 248 |
A Research Example | p. 253 |
Choosing a Between-Subjects Design | p. 259 |
Summary | p. 264 |
Key Terms | p. 265 |
Review and Study Questions | p. 265 |
Critical Thinking Exercise | p. 266 |
Online Resources | p. 266 |
Within-Subjects Designs | p. 267 |
A Within-Subjects Experiment: Perceptual Bias for Forward Motion | p. 270 |
Within-Subjects Factorial Designs | p. 272 |
Mixed Designs | p. 273 |
Advantages of Within-Subjects Designs | p. 274 |
Disadvantages of Within-Subjects Designs | p. 276 |
Controlling Within-Subjects Designs | p. 278 |
How Can You Choose a Design? | p. 291 |
Summary | p. 292 |
Key Terms | p. 293 |
Review and Study Questions | p. 294 |
Critical Thinking Exercise | p. 296 |
Online Resources | p. 296 |
Within-Subjects Designs: Small N | p. 297 |
Small N Designs | p. 298 |
ABA Designs | p. 303 |
Multiple-Baseline Design | p. 309 |
Discrete Trials Designs | p. 311 |
When to Use Large N and Small N Designs | p. 312 |
Summary | p. 315 |
Key Terms | p. 316 |
Review and Study Questions | p. 317 |
Critical Thinking Exercise | p. 318 |
Online Resources | p. 318 |
Results: Coping With Data | p. 319 |
Why We Need Statistics | p. 320 |
Weighing the Evidence | p. 322 |
Statistical Inference: An Overview | p. 323 |
Applying Statistical Inference: An Example | p. 330 |
The Odds of Finding Significance | p. 339 |
Test Statistics | p. 344 |
Organizing and Summarizing Data | p. 345 |
Summary | p. 354 |
Key Terms | p. 355 |
Review and Study Questions | p. 357 |
Critical Thinking Exercise | p. 358 |
Online Resources | p. 358 |
Analyzing Results: Two Group Examples | p. 359 |
Which Test Do I Use? | p. 360 |
The Chi Square Test | p. 363 |
The t Test | p. 368 |
Summary | p. 382 |
Key Terms | p. 383 |
Review and Study Questions | p. 383 |
Critical Thinking Exercise | p. 386 |
Online Resources | p. 386 |
Analyzing Results: Multiple-Groups and Factorial Experiments | p. 387 |
Analysis of Variance | p. 388 |
Sources of Variability | p. 389 |
A One-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance | p. 392 |
One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance | p. 405 |
Analyzing Data from a Between-Subjects Factorial Experiment | p. 405 |
A Two-Way Analysis of Variance | p. 408 |
Repeated Measures and Mixed Factorial Designs | p. 419 |
Summary | p. 421 |
Key Terms | p. 422 |
Review and Study Questions | p. 423 |
Critical Thinking Exercise | p. 426 |
Online Resources | p. 426 |
Discussion | p. 427 |
Drawing Conclusions: The Search for the Elusive Bottom Line | p. 428 |
Evaluating the Experiment from the Inside: Internal Validity | p. 430 |
Taking a Broader Perspective: The Problem of External Validity | p. 435 |
Handling a Nonsignificant Outcome | p. 445 |
Summary | p. 449 |
Key Terms | p. 450 |
Review and Study Questions | p. 450 |
Critical Thinking Exercise | p. 452 |
Online Resources | p. 452 |
Writing the Research Report | p. 453 |
The Written Report: Purpose and Format | p. 454 |
Major Sections | p. 456 |
Looking at a Journal Article | p. 464 |
Preparing Your Manuscript: Procedural Details | p. 478 |
Making Revisions | p. 481 |
Summary | p. 484 |
Key Terms | p. 484 |
Review and Study Questions | p. 485 |
Critical Thinking Exercise | p. 486 |
Online Resources | p. 487 |
Appendices | |
Computational Formulas | p. 489 |
Statistical Tables | p. 495 |
A Journal Article in Manuscript Form | p. 505 |
Glossary | p. 531 |
References | p. 545 |
Index | p. 555 |
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