| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Disaster Mental Health Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The Purpose of This Book | |
| |
| |
| Defining Disaster | |
| |
| |
| Disasters and Mental Health | |
| |
| |
| Describing Those Impacted | |
| |
| |
| Who Is Most at Risk From Disasters? | |
| |
| |
| The Mission of Disaster Mental Health | |
| |
| |
| Practice Differences in Disaster Mental Health | |
| |
| |
| So, What Is It That We Do? | |
| |
| |
| Characteristics of a Disaster Mental Health Worker | |
| |
| |
| Rewards of Disaster Work | |
| |
| |
| The Structure of This Book: Theory and Practice | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Characteristics of Disaster | |
| |
| |
| No Two Disasters Are Alike | |
| |
| |
| Stages of Disaster | |
| |
| |
| Scope, Intensity, and Duration | |
| |
| |
| Natural Versus Human-Caused Disaster | |
| |
| |
| Natural Disasters | |
| |
| |
| Natural Disasters With and Without Warning | |
| |
| |
| How Natural Are Natural Disasters? | |
| |
| |
| Human-Caused Disasters | |
| |
| |
| Toxic Waste and Nuclear Accidents | |
| |
| |
| Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction | |
| |
| |
| Hoaxes, Rumors, and Panics | |
| |
| |
| The Importance of Accurate Information | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| A History of Disaster Mental Health | |
| |
| |
| Converging Trends in the Development of Disaster Mental Health | |
| |
| |
| The Concept of Trauma | |
| |
| |
| Railway Spine, Hysteria, and Dissociation | |
| |
| |
| Freudian Concepts of Trauma | |
| |
| |
| Trauma and War | |
| |
| |
| The Legitimization of Trauma | |
| |
| |
| The Diagnostic Nomenclature and Trauma | |
| |
| |
| The Link Between Trauma and Disasters | |
| |
| |
| Stress and Trauma | |
| |
| |
| Wellness and Humanistic Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Crisis Intervention in the Community | |
| |
| |
| The Role of Emergency Management | |
| |
| |
| Humanitarian Relief Groups | |
| |
| |
| The American Red Cross and Disaster Mental Health | |
| |
| |
| Supporting First Responders | |
| |
| |
| Disaster Mental Health Today | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reactions and Risk Factors | |
| |
| |
| Physiological Responses to Disaster | |
| |
| |
| Normative Reactions to Disaster Exposure | |
| |
| |
| Stages of Disaster Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Before and During Impact | |
| |
| |
| After Disaster: Emotional Changes Over Time | |
| |
| |
| Proximity to Impact | |
| |
| |
| The Impact of Loss and Grief | |
| |
| |
| Specific Issues in Disaster Loss | |
| |
| |
| Characteristics of Bereavement | |
| |
| |
| A Double Blow: Bereaved Survivors | |
| |
| |
| Loss, Guilt, and Shame | |
| |
| |
| Collective Responses to Disaster | |
| |
| |
| Individual Risk and Resilience | |
| |
| |
| When Resilience Fails | |
| |
| |
| Existential Reactions to Disaster | |
| |
| |
| Rebuilding the Self After Disaster | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Extreme Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Trauma Studies and Disaster Mental Health | |
| |
| |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | |
| |
| |
| Diagnosing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | |
| |
| |
| Physical Underpinnings of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | |
| |
| |
| Core and Related PTSD Symptoms | |
| |
| |
| Memory and Trauma | |
| |
| |
| Models of Memory and Trauma | |
| |
| |
| Traumatic Memory Failures: Amnesia and Dissociation | |
| |
| |
| Dissociation and Acute Stress Disorder | |
| |
| |
| Complicated Grief | |
| |
| |
| Diagnosing Complicated Grief | |
| |
| |
| Complicated Grief and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Comparison | |
| |
| |
| Complicated Grief Risk Factors | |
| |
| |
| Comorbid Disorders Following Disaster Exposure | |
| |
| |
| A Final Word: Extreme Reactions and the Disaster Mental Health Practitioner | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vulnerable Populations | |
| |
| |
| Defining Vulnerability | |
| |
| |
| Traumatic Stress and Children and Adolescents | |
| |
| |
| Diagnosing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Other Disorders in Children | |
| |
| |
| Expression of Symptoms: A Developmental Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Disaster Trauma and Development | |
| |
| |
| Trauma in the Formative Years | |
| |
| |
| Which Children Are Most at Risk? | |
| |
| |
| Parental Psychology and the Recovery Environment | |
| |
| |
| Key Principles in Helping Children | |
| |
| |
| The Elderly in Disasters | |
| |
| |
| Who Are the Elderly? | |
| |
| |
| Logistical Issues Faced by the Elderly | |
| |
| |
| Relocation Trauma | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Issues Among the Elderly | |
| |
| |
| Strengths of Older Disaster Survivors | |
| |
| |
| Key Principles in Helping the Elderly | |
| |
| |
| People With Serious Mental Illness | |
| |
| |
| People With Physical Disabilities | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions About Vulnerable Populations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Disaster Mental Health Practice | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Challenges of Counseling in Chaos | |
| |
| |
| Is Disaster Mental Health Right for You Now? | |
| |
| |
| Training to Respond | |
| |
| |
| Training Drills | |
| |
| |
| Responding to Disasters | |
| |
| |
| Small or Local Disasters | |
| |
| |
| Large or National Disasters | |
| |
| |
| On-Scene Hierarchies | |
| |
| |
| Spiritual Care in Disaster Response | |
| |
| |
| Other Organizations Active in Disaster | |
| |
| |
| Government Agencies | |
| |
| |
| Volunteer Organizations | |
| |
| |
| Settings for Disaster Mental Health Work | |
| |
| |
| General Settings | |
| |
| |
| Red Cross-Specific Response Settings | |
| |
| |
| Some Practical Considerations | |
| |
| |
| Disasters' Impact on Counselors | |
| |
| |
| Self-Care During the Event | |
| |
| |
| Transitioning Home From a Disaster Assignment | |
| |
| |
| Afterthoughts | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Psychological First Aid | |
| |
| |
| A Visible Supportive Presence | |
| |
| |
| Defining Psychological First Aid | |
| |
| |
| History and Rationale | |
| |
| |
| Theoretical Roots: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow | |
| |
| |
| Goals and Components of Psychological First Aid | |
| |
| |
| Psychological First Aid Attitudes | |
| |
| |
| Psychological First Aid Actions | |
| |
| |
| A Case Study: Psychological First Aid on the Phone | |
| |
| |
| Who Can Provide Psychological First Aid? | |
| |
| |
| Is Psychological First Aid Effective? | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Interventions Beyond Psychological First Aid | |
| |
| |
| Assessment | |
| |
| |
| Triage | |
| |
| |
| Screening | |
| |
| |
| Psychoeducation | |
| |
| |
| Psychoeducation on Normal Reactions to Stress | |
| |
| |
| Providing Stress Management Skills | |
| |
| |
| Providing Coping Skills Training | |
| |
| |
| Psychoeducation on Loss and Grief | |
| |
| |
| Educating Parents to Help Children | |
| |
| |
| Helping Survivors Cope With the Media | |
| |
| |
| Is Psychoeducation Effective? | |
| |
| |
| Monitoring and Controlling Rumor | |
| |
| |
| Conflict Mediation and Resolution | |
| |
| |
| Preventing Conflict | |
| |
| |
| Working With and Mediating Conflict | |
| |
| |
| Correcting Distorted Self-Cognitions | |
| |
| |
| Making Referrals for Follow-Up Treatment | |
| |
| |
| Some Cautions About Early Intervention | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Debriefing and the Impact of Disaster Trauma on First Responders | |
| |
| |
| Background of the Debriefing Debate | |
| |
| |
| A History of Debriefing | |
| |
| |
| Critical Incident Stress Debriefing: The "Mitchell Model" | |
| |
| |
| Components of Critical Incident Stress Management | |
| |
| |
| Components of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing | |
| |
| |
| Other Psychological Debriefing Models | |
| |
| |
| Debriefing's Theoretical Context | |
| |
| |
| Crisis Intervention | |
| |
| |
| Psychoeducation | |
| |
| |
| Critical Questions About Debriefing | |
| |
| |
| Possible Drawbacks, Possible Benefits | |
| |
| |
| First Responders and Disaster Trauma | |
| |
| |
| Emergency Workers as Public Figures | |
| |
| |
| Mourning in Public | |
| |
| |
| Critical Incident Stress Management and First Responders | |
| |
| |
| Disasters and Debriefing | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Long-Term Treatment: Continuity of Care | |
| |
| |
| Long-Term Needs of the Traumatized Patient | |
| |
| |
| Psychodynamic Approaches | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches | |
| |
| |
| Family Systems Approaches | |
| |
| |
| Family Therapy and Disaster | |
| |
| |
| Assisting a Family With Loss | |
| |
| |
| Group Therapy Approaches | |
| |
| |
| Pharmacotherapy | |
| |
| |
| Evidence-Based Practice for Long-Term Treatment of Disaster Survivors | |
| |
| |
| The Impact on the Therapist and the Need for Self-Care | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| New Directions in Disaster Mental Health | |
| |
| |
| Preparing Communities | |
| |
| |
| Preparing Providers | |
| |
| |
| Preparing the Public | |
| |
| |
| New Challenges: Preparing an International Response | |
| |
| |
| Responding When the Disaster Is Ongoing | |
| |
| |
| Backlash Against Disaster Mental Health Services | |
| |
| |
| Ethics | |
| |
| |
| Competence | |
| |
| |
| Competence Working With Human Differences | |
| |
| |
| Personal Problems and Conflicts | |
| |
| |
| Informed Consent | |
| |
| |
| Maintaining Confidentiality and Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality | |
| |
| |
| Multiple Relationships | |
| |
| |
| Advocacy | |
| |
| |
| Research and Informed Practice | |
| |
| |
| A Final Note on New Directions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Sample Common Reactions Document | |
| |
| |
| |
| Internet Resources for Helping Children Cope With Disaster | |
| |
| |
| |
| Treatment Goals for a Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy for Adults and Children Following an Air Disaster | |
| |
| |
| |
| Disaster Mental Health-Relevant Articles From the American Psychological Association Ethics Code | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resource List for Disaster Mental Health Helpers | |
| |
| |
| Index | |