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| Preface | |
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| Evolutionary and Historical Roots of Human Dietary Practices | |
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| Setting the Table for a Cultural Feast | |
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| Biocultural Framework for the Study of Diet and Nutrition | |
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| Nutritional Status | |
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| Biological Makeup | |
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| Human Nutrient Needs | |
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| Diet | |
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| Cuisine | |
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| The Environment | |
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| Physical Environment | |
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| Sociocultural Environment | |
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| Economic and Political Environment | |
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| Food Systems | |
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| Next Steps | |
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| Diet and Human Evolution | |
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| Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology | |
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| Teeth | |
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| Skulls and Jaws | |
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| The Postcranial Skeleton | |
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| What Is Adaptation? | |
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| Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets of Extinct Hominids | |
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| Our Place in Nature | |
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| A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids | |
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| What Did Early Hominids Eat? | |
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| What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Highlight: Lactose Intolerance | |
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| Food in Historical Perspective: Dietary Revolutions | |
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| The Agricultural Revolution of the Neolithic Era | |
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| Development of Agriculture in the Tehuacan Valley | |
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| Nutritional Consequences of the Agricultural Revolution: A Comparison of Foragers and Agriculturalists | |
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| Social and Political Consequences of the Agricultural Revolution | |
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| The Search for Spices | |
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| The Exchange of Food Between the Old and New Worlds | |
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| The Industrial Revolution | |
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| Agricultural Change in England, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries | |
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| Food and the Industrial Revolution | |
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| The Emergence of National Cuisines | |
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| Transportation, Refrigeration, and Canning | |
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| Transportation | |
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| Refrigeration | |
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| Canning | |
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| Unforeseen Drawbacks of Food Processing | |
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| The Scientific Revolution | |
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| Adulteration of Food | |
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| Food Preservation | |
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| The Discovery of Vitamins | |
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| Complicating Factors Associated with Modern Food Technology | |
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| Modern-Day Adaptations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Highlight: Vegetarian Diets: Then and Now | |
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| Food and Culture | |
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| Eating Is a Cultural Affair | |
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| Some Definitions | |
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| Culture as a Mechanism for Responding to the Environment | |
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| Culture Is Learned | |
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| Culture as a Guide for Behavior | |
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| Culture Is Expressed Through Behavior and Artifacts | |
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| Culture as a Functionally Integrated System | |
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| Intracultural Variation | |
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| Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity | |
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| Implications for Health Care Professionals | |
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| Summary | |
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| Highlight: Body Image and Health | |
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| Food Technologies: How People Get Their Food in Nonindustrial Societies | |
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| Foraging | |
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| Demographic Issues of Foragers | |
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| Social, Political, and Ideological Features of Foragers | |
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| Diet and Health of Foragers | |
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| Food Preferences of Foragers | |
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| Nutrition and Health of Foragers | |
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| Horticulture | |
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| Social, Political, and Ideological Features of Horticulturalists | |
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| Diet and Health of Horticulturalists | |
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| Pastoralism | |
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| Social, Political, and Ideological Features of Pastoralism | |
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| Diet and Health of Pastoralists | |
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| Intensive Agriculture | |
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| Social, Political, and Ideological Features of Intensive Agriculture | |
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| Contemporary Peasant Societies | |
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| The Transition to Market Economies | |
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| Where Do Cuisines Come From? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Highlight: Farming Strategies in the Andean Region of Ecuador | |
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| Food Technologies: How People Get Their Food in Industrialized Societies | |
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| Features of Industrialized Agriculture | |
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| Farm Size | |
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| Contract Farming, or Vertical Integration | |
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| Energy Used in Food Production | |
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| Soil Erosion | |
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| Water Pollution and Shortages | |
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| Social Costs | |
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| Alternative Strategies | |
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| Diet and Health of Industrialized Agriculturalists | |
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| Summary | |
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| Highlight: Genetically Modified Foods: Friends or Foes? | |
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| Food and Social Organization | |
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| Food as a Means of Solidifying Social Ties | |
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| Kinship and Familial Alliances | |
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| Building Relationships with Neighbors and Friends | |
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| Food as a Means of Strengthening Economic and Political Alliances | |
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| Trade | |
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| Food as a Gift | |
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| Political Alliances | |
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| Food and Social Status | |
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| Food and Gender | |
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| Food and Socioeconomic Position | |
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| Food as a Symbol of Prestige | |
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| Summary | |
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| Highlight: Food and the Life Cycle | |
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| Worldview, Religion, and Health Beliefs: The Ideological Basis of Food Practices | |
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| Food in a Forest of Symbols | |
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| The Meaning of Food | |
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| Food as an Ethnic Marker | |
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| Worldview | |
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| Religion | |
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| Ethnicity and Ethnic Identity | |
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| Health Beliefs and Local Knowledge | |
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| Perceptions of Symptoms and Disease | |
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| Preventive and Curative Practices | |
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| Health Care Providers: Shamans, Curers, and Others | |
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| Alternative Health Belief Systems in a Plural Society | |
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| Summary | |
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| Highlight: Becoming Culturally Competent | |
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| Strategies for Addressing Nutrition Challenges | |
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| Hunger in Global Perspective | |
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| Malthus vs. Boserup | |
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| The Factors in the Food Sufficiency Equation | |
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| Population | |
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| The Effect of HIV/AIDS on World Population | |
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| Food Production | |
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| Consequences of the Agricultural Revolution | |
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| Decrease Food Aid to Other Countries | |
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| Trade Imbalances | |
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| What Is Meant by Hunger and Malnutrition? | |
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| Who Are the Hungry and Malnourished? | |
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| Hunger and Undernourishment | |
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| Types of Undernutrition | |
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| Measuring PEM | |
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| Overweight in Children | |
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| What Are the Causes of Undernourishment and Malnutrition? | |
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| Projections for the Future--Enough for All? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Highlight: Hidden Hunger: Micronutrient Malnutrition | |
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| Addressing Global Food Issues | |
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| Hunger and Malnutrition: The Factors Influencing Adequate Nutrition | |
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| Food Availability | |
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| Agricultural Research and Extension | |
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| The Role of Biotechnology | |
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| Policy Options: Self-Sufficiency vs. Food Security | |
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| Food Self-Sufficiency and National Food Security | |
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| What Makes NSSS Important? | |
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| Commercialization of Agriculture and Household Food Security of Small Farmers | |
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| Income | |
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| Protecting Food Crop Production | |
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| Land Tenure | |
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| Health | |
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| Entitlements | |
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| Alleviating Poverty and Redistributing Income | |
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| Land Distribution and Agrarian Reform | |
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| Agrarian Reform | |
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| Credit, Marketing, and Price Systems | |
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| Food Aid as Food Subsidy | |
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| Nutritional Quality of Food, Education, and Household Distribution | |
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| Health and Sanitation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Highlight: Women: A Pivotal Link in the Food Chain | |
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| Dietary Behavior Change: How People Change Eating Habits | |
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| The Behavior Change Process | |
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| Stages of Change | |
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| Processes of Change | |
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| Factors That Influence the Change Process | |
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| Health Beliefs | |
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| Attitudes | |
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| Social Influences | |
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| Skills and Self-Efficacy | |
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| Intentions | |
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| Goal Setting | |
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| Other Factors That Influence Behavior Change | |
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| Implications for Practice | |
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| Summary | |
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| Highlight: U.S. Federal Food Programs | |
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| Designing Large-Scale Programs to Change Dietary Practices | |
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| Community-Based Health Promotion | |
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| Community | |
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| Distinguishing Features of Community Organization | |
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| Stages in the Community Organizing Process | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Advantages of Community-Based Interventions | |
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| Challenges Associated with Community-Based Interventions | |
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| Social Marketing | |
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| Distinguishing Features | |
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| Steps in the Social Marketing Process | |
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| Loving Support Makes Breastfeeding Work | |
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| Putting It All Together to Improve Dietary Practices | |
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| Summary | |
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| Highlight: Moving from Theory to Practice: A Case Study Using a Multilevel Approach to Changing Dietary Behavior | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |