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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Science, Ethics and the Environment | |
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| Discussion: Technological Solutions to Environmental Problems | |
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| Introduction: Why Philosophy? | |
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| Science and Ethics | |
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| What Is Environmental Ethics? | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Ethical Theory and the Environment | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Why Ethical Theory? | |
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| Ethical Relativism | |
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| The Natural Law Tradition � Teleology and Virtues | |
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| Contemporary Perspectives on Teleology | |
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| The Utilitarian Tradition | |
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| Contemporary Perspectives on Utilitarianism | |
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| Deontology: An Ethics of Duty and Rights | |
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| Contemporary Perspectives on Deontological Ethics | |
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| Religious Environmental Ethics | |
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| Summary and Conclusions. Notes. Discussion Questions. Further Reading | |
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| Environmental Ethics as Applied Ethics | |
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| Ethics and Economics: Managing Public Lands | |
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| Discussion: Development versus Preservation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Forests: Conservation or Preservation? | |
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| Managing the National Forests | |
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| Pollution and Economics | |
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| Ethical Issues in Economic Analysis | |
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| Cost-Benefit Analysis | |
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| Ethical Analysis and Environmental Economics | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Responsibilities to Future Generations: Sustainable Development | |
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| Discussion: Population and Consumption | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Population, Consumption, and Environmental Ethics | |
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| Do We Have Responsibilities to Future Generations? | |
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| What Do We Owe Future Generations? | |
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| Sustainable Development: Economics and Consumption | |
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| Conclusion: Sustainable Living: Now and in the Future | |
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| Notes | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Responsibilities to the Natural World: From Anthropocentric to Nonanthropocentric Ethics | |
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| Discussion: Animal Research and Factory Farming | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Moral Standing in the Western Tradition | |
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| Early Environmental Ethics: Passmore and Blackstone | |
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| Moral Standing | |
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| Do Trees Have Standing? | |
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| Peter Singer and the Animal Liberation Movement | |
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| Tom Regan and Animal Rights | |
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| Ethical Implications of Animal Welfare | |
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| Critical Challenges | |
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| Summary and Conclusions. Notes. Discussion Questions. Further Reading | |
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| Theories of Environmental Ethics | |
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| Biocentric Ethics and the Inherent Value of Life | |
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| Discussion: Biodiversity | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Instrumental Value and Intrinsic Value | |
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| Biocentric Ethics and the Reverence for Life | |
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| Ethics and Character | |
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| Taylor's Biocentric Ethics | |
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| Practical Implications | |
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| Challenges and Developments | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Wilderness, Ecology, and Ethics | |
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| Discussion: Wilderness Management: The Cases of Yellowstone and Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Wilderness Ideal | |
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| The Wilderness "Myth": The Contemporary Debate | |
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| From Ecology to Philosophy | |
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| From Ecology to Ethics | |
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| Varieties of Holism | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| The Land Ethic | |
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| Discussion: A Place for Predators | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Land Ethic | |
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| Leopold's Holism | |
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| Criticisms of the Land Ethic: Facts and Values | |
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| Criticisms of the Land Ethic: Holistic Ethics | |
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| Callicott's Revisions | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Deep Ecology | |
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| Discussion: Eco-philosophy as religion | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Deep Ecology Platform | |
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| Ecology and Ecophilosophy | |
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| Metaphysical Ecology | |
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| From Metaphysics to Ethics | |
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| Self-Realization and Biocentric Equality | |
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| Criticisms | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Environmental Justice and Social Ecology | |
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| Discussion: Exporting Toxic Wastes: The World Bank Memo | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Theories of Social Justice | |
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| Property Rights and Justice | |
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| Environmental Ju | |