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| Preface | |
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| Introduction to Community-Based Corrections | |
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| Objectives of Community-Based Corrections | |
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| Community Protection | |
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| Proportionality | |
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| Rehabilitation and Reintegration | |
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| Restorative and Community Justice | |
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| Cost-Effectiveness | |
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| Objectives in Conflict | |
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| Development of Community-Based Corrections | |
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| "Broken Windows" Probation: The Next Step in Fighting Crime | |
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| The Emergence of Community-Based Corrections | |
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| The Reexamination of Community-Based Corrections | |
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| Contemporary Community-Based Corrections | |
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| Oklahoma Struggling with Truth-In-Sentencing Law | |
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| The Future of Community-Based Corrections | |
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| Perspectives on the Study of Community-Based Corrections | |
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| Systems Analysis | |
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| The Correctional Continuum | |
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| Correctional Case Management | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| The Community Corrections Continuum | |
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| Diversion, Pretrial Release, and Community Courts | |
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| The Concept of Diversion | |
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| Avoidance of Unnecessary Prosecution | |
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| The Concept of Pretrial Release | |
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| Avoidance of Unnecessary Jailing of Offenders | |
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| Avoidance of Bail and Commercial Bondsmen | |
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| Development of Contemporary Diversion and Pretrial Release Programs | |
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| Diversion Programs | |
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| Pretrial Release Programs | |
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| Objectives of Diversion and Pretrial Release Programs | |
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| Contemporary Diversion Programs | |
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| Programs for Drug-Abusing Offenders | |
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| The Drug Court Experience Compared with Traditional Adjudication | |
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| Drug Center Experiences | |
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| Dispute Resolution Programs | |
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| A Court-Referred Mediation Case Involving Juveniles | |
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| Contemporary Pretrial Release Programs | |
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| Program Models | |
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| Basic Services of Pretrial Release Programs | |
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| The Milwaukee Court Intervention Unit | |
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| Research on Pretrial Release Programs | |
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| Electronic Monitoring | |
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| Research on Drug Testing and Urine Monitoring | |
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| Pretrial Release Options Proposed | |
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| Alternatives to Diversion and Pretrial Release | |
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| Differentiated Case Processing | |
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| Community Courts | |
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| In New York City, a "Community Court" and a New Legal Culture | |
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| Manhattan's Midtown Community Court | |
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| Adjudication Partnerships | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Probation | |
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| Defining Probation | |
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| Objectives of Probation | |
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| Court Use of Probation | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| The English Tradition | |
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| Early U.S. Practices | |
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| John Augustus and the Beginnings of Probation | |
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| Trends and Issues in Probation | |
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| Administrative Issues | |
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| Types of Offenders Served by Probation Services | |
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| Probation Today | |
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| Federal Probation | |
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| Research on Probation | |
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| Outcome Measures | |
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| Defining Recidivism | |
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| ROBO-PO: The Life and Times of a Federal Probation Officer | |
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| Studies on Recidivism | |
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| Evaluations of Specific Treatment Strategies | |
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| The RAND Study | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Probation Supervision | |
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| Granting Probation | |
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| Sentencing Guidelines | |
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| Standardized Sentencing Instruments | |
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| Presentence Investigation Report | |
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| Probation Supervision | |
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| Supervisory Styles | |
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| Service Delivery Strategies | |
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| Caseload Management | |
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| Conditions of Probation | |
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| Revocation | |
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| Innovations in Probation | |
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| Probation Classification Systems | |
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| Domestic Violence | |
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| The Future of Probation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Parole and Other Prison Release Programs | |
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| What Is Parole? | |
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| Molester Seeks Castration; Texas Agrees | |
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| Justice Objectives | |
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| Societal Objectives | |
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| Historical Development | |
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| Contemporary Parole | |
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| Administrative Structure | |
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| Essential Elements of Parole | |
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| Sentencing Flexibility | |
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| Changes in Parole Powers | |
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| Sentencing Models | |
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| The Truth About Polly Klaas | |
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| Qualified Parole Board | |
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| Qualified Parole Staff | |
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| Freedom from Influence | |
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| Effective Parole Administration | |
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| Proper Parole Procedures | |
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| The Iowa Parole Board | |
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| Promising Parole Strategies | |
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| The Future of Parole | |
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| Summary of Parole | |
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| Temporary Release Programs | |
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| Types of Contemporary Programs | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Problems and Issues | |
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| New Directions | |
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| Willie Horton and the 1988 Presidential Election | |
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| Summary of Temporary Release Programs | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Case Management and Supervision | |
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| Offender Supervision: Control and Public Safety Issues | |
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| Objectives of Intermediate Sanctions | |
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| Community Protection | |
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| Enhancement of the Correctional Continuum | |
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| Economic Objectives | |
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| Scaling Correctional Options and the Correctional Continuum | |
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| Intensive Supervision Programs | |
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| Program Development | |
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| ISP Goals | |
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| Georgia's Intensive Supervision Program | |
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| New Jersey's Intensive Supervision Program | |
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| Massachusetts's Intensive Supervision Program | |
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| Research on ISPs | |
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| The Experience of the BJA/NIJ Prison Diversion Programs | |
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| The Future of ISPs | |
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| Boot Camps | |
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| Definition | |
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| Program Objectives | |
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| Inmate Preferences for Incarceration over Intermediate Sanctions | |
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| Program Development | |
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| Boot Camps Today | |
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| Research on Boot Camps | |
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| Program Variation Within the NIJ Study: The Examples of Georgia and New York | |
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| The Future of Boot Camps | |
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| Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Program Development | |
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| Implementation Issues | |
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| Program Effectiveness | |
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| The Future | |
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| Day Reporting Centers | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Development of Day Reporting Centers | |
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| A Composite Day Reporting Center | |
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| Program Characteristics | |
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| Program Illustrations | |
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| Local Jurisdiction Boot Camp: Harris County (Houston), Texas | |
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| Future of Day Reporting Centers | |
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| Residential Programs | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Program Characteristics | |
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| Participant Characteristics | |
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| Summary | |
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| Prison Without Walls: A Typical Day Reporting Experience | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Economic Sanctions: Fines, Fees, Restitution, and Community Service | |
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| Fines | |
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| Impediments to the Use of Fines | |
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| Day Fines | |
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| How Day Fines Are Calculated | |
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| The Staten Island Experiment | |
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| The Milwaukee Municipal Court Experiment | |
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| Structured Fines Research | |
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| Fees and Surcharges | |
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| Revenue Generation | |
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| Fee Schedules | |
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| Debt Collection | |
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| Problems of Enforcement | |
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| New Jersey's Model Collection Process | |
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| The Privatization of Collection Activities | |
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| Restitution and Community Service | |
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| Contemporary Applications | |
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| Extent of Use | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| Contemporary Support for Growth in Restitution and Community Service | |
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| A Closer Look at Correctional Objectives | |
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| The Restitution and Community Service Process | |
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| Community Supervision and Residential Alternatives | |
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| Victim Compensation Programs | |
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| Costs and Benefits | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Community Residential Centers (Halfway Houses) | |
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| Agency-Operated or -Funded Halfway Houses | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Benefits to the Offender | |
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| Benefits to the Community | |
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| Benefits to the Justice System | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| Program Models | |
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| Montgomery County, Maryland, Prerelease Agreement | |
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| Program Illustrations | |
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| Program Planning and Operations | |
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| Target Population Selection | |
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| Location and Site Selection | |
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| Personnel and Training | |
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| Treatment Services | |
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| Resident Security and Community Protection | |
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| Problems and Issues in Halfway Houses | |
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| The Dilemma of Being Half-In and Half-Out | |
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| Freedom: Halfway House Style | |
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| The Mariana, Florida, Community Center | |
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| The Inmate Code in a Halfway House: A Source of Resistance to Constructive Reintegration | |
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| Halfway House/Community Relations | |
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| Program Evaluation | |
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| National Evaluation Program | |
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| NEP Recommendations | |
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| GAO Survey | |
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| Minnesota Evaluation | |
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| The Future of Halfway Houses | |
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| Management by Objectives | |
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| Management Information System | |
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| Mutual Agreement Programming | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Supervising Special Populations | |
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| Problems and Needs of Drug- and Alcohol-Abusing Offenders | |
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| Special Problems of Drug Abusers | |
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| Drug Abuse and Crime | |
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| Fact Sheet: Methamphetamine | |
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| Emerging Drugs | |
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| The Narcotics User: A Portrait in Diversity | |
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| Characteristics of Narcotics Addicts | |
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| The Addict Personality | |
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| Causes and Purposes of Drug Addiction | |
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| I Did Drugs Until They Wore Me Out, Then I Stopped | |
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| Postaddiction Syndrome | |
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| Treatment of Drug Abusers | |
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| Methadone Maintenance | |
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| Therapeutic Communities | |
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| Prison: A Self-Contained Treatment Community | |
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| Learning Life Skills Through Delancey Street | |
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| Community-Based Correctional Programs for Narcotics Addicts | |
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| Bureau of Justice Assistance Fact Sheet: Treatment Accountability for Safer Communities | |
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| Probation Work with Drug Offenders | |
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| Narcotics Addicts on Parole | |
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| Special Problems of Alcohol Abusers | |
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| Alcohol and Crime | |
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| Research on Arrested Persons | |
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| Studies of Prisoners | |
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| Effects of Alcohol | |
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| Heavy Drinking: Long-term Effects | |
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| The Alcoholic and the Problem Drinker | |
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| Causes of Alcoholism | |
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| The Stages of Alcoholism | |
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| Diagnosing the Problem | |
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| Treatment of Alcoholics and Problem Drinkers | |
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| Goals | |
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| Treatment Modalities | |
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| Community-Based Correctional Programs for Alcoholic Offenders | |
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| Alcoholics Anonymous: The Twelve Steps | |
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| The Effectiveness of Alcohol Treatment | |
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| Alcohol Consumption | |
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| Behavioral Impairment and Adjustment | |
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| Patient and Treatment Characteristics | |
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| Treatment Prerequisites and the Criminal Justice System | |
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| The Hazelden Rehabilitation Program, Center City, Minnesota | |
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| Summary | |
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| Goals of the 1995 National Drug Control Strategy | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Special Problem Offenders: Mentally Ill and Sex Offenders in Community Corrections | |
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| Mentally Ill Offenders | |
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| Prevalence of the Problem | |
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| History of the Problem | |
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| Special Problems | |
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| Mentally Ill Offenders Summary | |
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| Sex Offenders | |
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| Extent of the Problem | |
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| System Responses | |
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| Sexually Violent Predators Acts | |
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| Principal Features of Sex Offender Registration Laws | |
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| Sex Offenders Summary | |
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| Containing the Sex Offender in the Supervision Triangle | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Problems and Needs of Female Offenders | |
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| Special Problems of Female Offenders | |
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| Women and Crime | |
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| Women Doing Crime, Women Doing Time | |
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| The Female Offender and the Criminal Justice System | |
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| Social Roles and the Needs of the Female Offender | |
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| Services | |
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| Economic Assistance | |
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| Programs for Parents | |
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| Survival Training | |
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| Community-Based Correctional Programs | |
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| Major Issues in Programming | |
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| National Council on Crime and Delinquency Survey | |
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| Girl Scouts Beyond Bars: Florida's Programs | |
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| NCCD Program Illustrations | |
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| Program Effectiveness | |
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| Drug Treatment Programs | |
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| Intermediate Sanctions | |
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| Issues in the Treatment of Female Offenders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Programs for Juveniles | |
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| Criminal Justice and Juvenile Justice | |
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| Overview of the Juvenile Justice System | |
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| The Offenders | |
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| Processing Juvenile Offenders | |
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| A Closer Look at Intake | |
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| Community-Based Programs for Juveniles | |
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| Programs for Runaways | |
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| Juvenile Diversion Programs | |
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| Outreach Programs | |
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| Programs Targeting Minority Youth | |
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| Mentoring Men of Distinction | |
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| Mentoring Programs | |
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| Youth Service Bureaus | |
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| Youth Courts | |
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| Specialized Programs | |
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| Diversion and the Juvenile Justice System | |
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| Teens Face Jury of Their Peers | |
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| Community Alternatives to Secure Detention | |
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| Home Detention Programs | |
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| Detention Aftercare | |
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| Juvenile Probation Programs | |
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| Detention Aftercare in New York | |
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| Programs for Youths with School-Related Problems | |
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| Drug Treatment Programs | |
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| Restitution and Community Service Programs | |
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| Making a Difference | |
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| Day Treatment Programs | |
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| Wilderness Experience Programs | |
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| Specialized Programs | |
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| Marine Institute Graduates Celebrate Love, Life Skills | |
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| Community-Based Residential Programs for Juveniles | |
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| Foster Care | |
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| Group Homes | |
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| Independent Living Programs | |
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| Juvenile Aftercare | |
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| Research and Program Models for Serious Chronic Delinquents | |
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| Research on Urban Delinquency and Substance Abuse | |
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| The OJJDP Plan | |
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| Problems and Issues in Community-Based Correctional Programs for Youths | |
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| Treatment Versus Control | |
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| Deinstitutionalization of Juvenile Corrections | |
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| The Future of Community-Based Correctional Programs for Juveniles | |
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| Crime Control Moderated by a Continuing Concern for Rehabilitation | |
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| Continued Efforts to Develop Alternatives to Confinement | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Index | |