Preface | p. xvii |
Nutrition for Health | |
Perspectives on Health and Nutrition | p. 1 |
Food Choices | p. 2 |
The Nutrients | p. 8 |
Nutrition Standards and Guidelines | p. 10 |
Dietary Reference Intakes | p. 10 |
Dietary Guidelines | p. 13 |
Fitness Guidelines | p. 13 |
Diet-Planning Principles | p. 14 |
Food Group Plans | p. 17 |
Nutrition Surveys | p. 20 |
Food Labels | p. 21 |
Nutrition in Practice: Finding the Truth about Nutrition | p. 28 |
Carbohydrates | p. 31 |
The Chemist's View of Carbohydrates | p. 32 |
Monosaccharides (Single Sugars) | p. 32 |
Disaccharides (Double Sugars) | p. 33 |
Starch and Glycogen (Energy-Yielding Polysaccharides) | p. 34 |
The Fibers | p. 35 |
Health Effects of Sugars and Alternative Sweeteners | p. 36 |
Sugars | p. 36 |
Alternative Sweeteners: Sugar Alcohols | p. 39 |
Alternative Sweeteners: Artificial Sweeteners | p. 39 |
Health Effects of Complex Carbohydrates | p. 41 |
Fibers | p. 42 |
Carbohydrates: Food Sources and Recommendations | p. 45 |
Energy Nutrients in Perspective | p. 47 |
Nutrition in Practice: Nutrition and Dental Health | p. 50 |
Lipids | p. 52 |
The Chemist's View of Lipids | p. 54 |
Triglycerides | p. 54 |
Fatty Acids | p. 54 |
Phospholipids | p. 57 |
Sterols | p. 57 |
Fats and Health | p. 58 |
Fats and Fatty Acids | p. 58 |
Fat Substitutes | p. 60 |
Fats in Foods | p. 62 |
Finding the Fats in Foods | p. 62 |
Cutting Fat Intake and Choosing Unsaturated Fats | p. 64 |
Nutrition in Practice: Vegetarian Diets | p. 71 |
Proteins and Amino Acids | p. 74 |
The Chemist's View of Proteins | p. 75 |
The Structure of Proteins | p. 75 |
Essential Amino Acids | p. 76 |
Proteins in the Body | p. 77 |
Protein and Health | p. 82 |
Protein-Energy Malnutrition | p. 82 |
Protein Excess | p. 84 |
Protein in Foods | p. 86 |
Nutrition in Practice: Supplements and Ergogenic Aids Athletes Use | p. 90 |
Digestion and Absorption | p. 95 |
Anatomy of the Digestive Tract | p. 96 |
The Digestive Organs | p. 96 |
The Involuntary Muscles and the Glands | p. 97 |
The Process of Digestion | p. 102 |
Digestion in the Mouth | p. 102 |
Digestion in the Stomach | p. 103 |
Digestion in the Small and Large Intestines | p. 103 |
The Absorptive System | p. 105 |
The Small Intestine | p. 105 |
Release of Absorbed Nutrients | p. 107 |
Transport of Nutrients | p. 107 |
The Vascular System | p. 108 |
The Lymphatic System | p. 109 |
Transport of Lipids: Lipoproteins | p. 109 |
The System at Its Best | p. 111 |
Nutrition in Practice: Food Safety | p. 113 |
Metabolism and Energy Balance | p. 118 |
The Organs and Their Metabolic Roles | p. 119 |
The Principal Organs | p. 119 |
Energy for Metabolic Work | p. 120 |
The Body's Energy Metabolism | p. 121 |
Building Up Body Compounds | p. 121 |
Breaking Down Nutrients for Energy | p. 121 |
The Body's Energy Budget | p. 123 |
The Economics of Feasting | p. 123 |
The Economics of Fasting | p. 125 |
Energy Balance | p. 127 |
Nutrition in Practice: Inborn Errors of Metabolism | p. 133 |
Overweight, Underweight, and Weight Control | p. 137 |
Body Weight and Body Composition | p. 138 |
Defining Healthy Body Weight | p. 138 |
Body Composition | p. 140 |
How Much Is Too Much Body Fat? | p. 141 |
Causes of Obesity | p. 142 |
Risks of Overweight and Obesity | p. 144 |
Aggressive Treatments of Obesity | p. 146 |
Obesity Drug | p. 146 |
Very-Low-kCalorie Diets | p. 147 |
Surgery | p. 148 |
Reasonable Strategies for Weight Loss | p. 148 |
Diet | p. 149 |
Physical Activity | p. 151 |
Behavior and Attitude | p. 153 |
Underweight | p. 155 |
Health Risks of Underweight | p. 155 |
Strategies for Weight Gain | p. 155 |
Nutrition in Practice: Eating Disorders | p. 160 |
The Vitamins | p. 166 |
The Fat-Soluble Vitamins | p. 167 |
Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene | p. 168 |
Vitamin D | p. 173 |
Vitamin E | p. 175 |
Vitamin K | p. 176 |
The Water-Soluble Vitamins | p. 177 |
The B Vitamins | p. 178 |
Thiamin | p. 181 |
Riboflavin | p. 181 |
Niacin | p. 182 |
Pantothenic Acid and Biotin | p. 182 |
Vitamin B[subscript 6] | p. 183 |
Folate | p. 184 |
Vitamin B[subscript 12] | p. 184 |
Non-B Vitamins | p. 186 |
Vitamin C | p. 187 |
Nutrition in Practice: Vitamin Supplements | p. 196 |
Water and the Minerals | p. 199 |
Water and Body Fluids | p. 200 |
Water Balance | p. 200 |
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance | p. 201 |
Acid-Base Balance | p. 202 |
The Major Minerals | p. 203 |
Sodium | p. 203 |
Chloride | p. 204 |
Potassium | p. 205 |
Calcium | p. 205 |
Phosphorus | p. 209 |
Magnesium | p. 210 |
Sulfur | p. 210 |
The Trace Minerals | p. 211 |
Iron | p. 211 |
Zinc | p. 216 |
Selenium | p. 218 |
Iodine | p. 218 |
Copper | p. 219 |
Manganese | p. 219 |
Fluoride | p. 220 |
Chromium | p. 221 |
Other Trace Minerals | p. 221 |
Nutrition in Practice: Replacing Fluid Losses: Sports Drinks and Rehydration Formulas | p. 226 |
Nutrition through the Life Span: Pregnancy and Infancy | p. 229 |
Pregnancy: The Impact of Nutrition on the Future | p. 230 |
Preparing for Pregnancy | p. 230 |
Nutrient Needs during Pregnancy | p. 230 |
Weight Gain | p. 236 |
Physical Activity | p. 237 |
Problems in Pregnancy | p. 237 |
Practices to Avoid | p. 239 |
Adolescent Pregnancy | p. 241 |
Breastfeeding | p. 241 |
Nutrient Needs during Lactation | p. 242 |
Contraindications to Breastfeeding | p. 243 |
Nutrition of the Infant | p. 244 |
Nutrient Needs during Infancy | p. 244 |
Breast Milk | p. 246 |
Infant Formula | p. 247 |
The Transition to Cow's Milk | p. 249 |
Introducing First Foods | p. 249 |
Looking Ahead | p. 252 |
Mealtimes | p. 253 |
Nutrition in Practice: Encouraging Successful Breastfeeding | p. 258 |
Nutrition through the Life Span: Childhood and Adolescence | p. 261 |
Early and Middle Childhood | p. 262 |
Energy and Nutrient Needs | p. 262 |
Malnutrition in Children | p. 264 |
Lead Poisoning in Children | p. 266 |
Food Allergies | p. 269 |
Hyperactivity | p. 270 |
Food Choices and Eating Habits of Children | p. 271 |
Mealtimes at Home | p. 272 |
Nutrition at School | p. 273 |
The Teen Years | p. 275 |
Growth and Development during Adolescence | p. 276 |
Energy and Nutrient Needs | p. 276 |
Food Choices and Health Habits | p. 277 |
Problems Adolescents Face | p. 278 |
Nutrition in Practice: Childhood Obesity and the Early Development of Chronic Diseases | p. 284 |
Nutrition through the Life Span: Later Adulthood | p. 289 |
Nutrition and Longevity | p. 290 |
Slowing the Aging Process | p. 290 |
Nutrition and Disease Prevention | p. 292 |
Nutrition-Related Concerns during Late Adulthood | p. 294 |
Cataracts | p. 294 |
Arthritis | p. 294 |
The Aging Brain | p. 295 |
Energy and Nutrient Needs during Late Adulthood | p. 297 |
Energy and Energy Nutrients | p. 298 |
Water | p. 299 |
Vitamins and Minerals | p. 299 |
Nutrient Supplements for Older Adults | p. 301 |
The Effects of Medications on Nutrients | p. 302 |
Food Choices and Eating Habits of Older Adults | p. 303 |
Nutrition in Practice: Food for Singles | p. 309 |
Nutrition for Healthcare | |
Nutrition and Nursing Assessments | p. 312 |
Nutrition in Health Care | p. 313 |
Responsibility for Nutrition Care | p. 313 |
Illness and Nutrition Status | p. 314 |
Diet-Medication Interactions | p. 316 |
Identifying Risk for Malnutrition | p. 322 |
Health History | p. 323 |
Health Problems and Treatments | p. 323 |
Methods for Gathering Food Intake Data | p. 325 |
Physical Examinations | p. 327 |
Measures of Growth and Development | p. 327 |
Physical Signs of Malnutrition | p. 331 |
Biochemical Analysis | p. 332 |
Follow-Up Care | p. 335 |
Nutrition in Practice: Nutrition and Mental Health | p. 338 |
Nutrition Intervention | p. 341 |
Care Plans | p. 342 |
Nutrition-Related Nursing Diagnoses | p. 342 |
Outcome Identification and Planning | p. 343 |
Special Diets | p. 345 |
Standard and Modified Diets | p. 345 |
Routine Progressive Diets | p. 346 |
Medical Records | p. 350 |
Types of Medical Records | p. 350 |
The Medical Record and Nutrition Care | p. 350 |
Nutrition in Practice: Community Nutrition | p. 353 |
Nutrition and Upper GI Tract Disorders | p. 356 |
Disorders of the Mouth and Esophagus | p. 357 |
Difficulties Chewing | p. 357 |
Difficulties Swallowing | p. 359 |
Disorders of the Stomach | p. 360 |
Indigestion and Reflux Esophagitis | p. 360 |
Nausea and Vomiting | p. 363 |
Gastritis | p. 364 |
Ulcers | p. 365 |
Gastric Surgery | p. 365 |
Nutrition in Practice: Helping People with Feeding Disabilities | p. 374 |
Nutrition and Lower GI Tract Disorders | p. 379 |
Common Problems of the Lower Intestine | p. 380 |
Constipation | p. 380 |
Diarrhea and Dehydration | p. 381 |
Irritable Bowel Syndrome | p. 383 |
Lactose Intolerance | p. 383 |
Fat Malabsorption | p. 385 |
Medical Nutrition Therapy | p. 386 |
Pancreatitis | p. 388 |
Cystic Fibrosis | p. 389 |
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases | p. 390 |
Bacterial Overgrowth | p. 391 |
Short-Bowel Syndrome | p. 392 |
Celiac Disease | p. 393 |
Disorders of the Large Intestine | p. 394 |
Diverticular Disease of the Colon | p. 394 |
Colostomies and Ileostomies | p. 396 |
Nutrition in Practice: Food and Foodservice in the Hospital | p. 402 |
Enteral Formulas | p. 406 |
Enteral Formulas: What Are They? | p. 407 |
Types of Formulas | p. 407 |
Distinguishing Characteristics | p. 408 |
Enteral Formulas: Who Needs What? | p. 409 |
Oral Feedings | p. 409 |
Tube Feedings | p. 409 |
Tube Feedings: How Are They Given? | p. 414 |
Safe Handling | p. 414 |
Initiating and Progressing a Tube Feeding | p. 415 |
Delivering Medications through Feeding Tubes | p. 417 |
Addressing Tube Feeding Complications | p. 418 |
From Tube Feedings to Table Foods | p. 421 |
Nutrition in Practice: Nutrition and Cost-Conscious Health Care | p. 424 |
Parenteral Nutrition | p. 429 |
Intravenous Solutions: What Are They? | p. 430 |
Intravenous Nutrients | p. 430 |
Intravenous Solutions | p. 432 |
Intravenous Nutrition: Who Needs What? | p. 434 |
Intravenous Solutions: How Are They Given? | p. 435 |
Insertion and Care of IV Catheters | p. 435 |
Administration of Complete Nutrient Solutions | p. 436 |
From Parenteral to Enteral Feedings | p. 438 |
Specialized Nutrition Support at Home | p. 440 |
The Basics of Home Programs | p. 440 |
How Home Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Programs Work | p. 441 |
Nutrition in Practice: Ethical Issues in Nutrition Care | p. 444 |
Nutrition in Severe Stress | p. 448 |
The Body's Responses to Stress | p. 449 |
Nutrition Support following Acute Stress | p. 452 |
Nutrient Needs | p. 453 |
Delivery of Nutrients following Stress | p. 456 |
Nutrition in Practice: Intestinal Immunity and Stress | p. 461 |
Nutrition and Diabetes Mellitus | p. 464 |
What Is Diabetes Mellitus? | p. 465 |
Types of Diabetes | p. 465 |
Acute Complications of Diabetes | p. 467 |
Chronic Complications of Diabetes | p. 469 |
Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus | p. 470 |
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes | p. 471 |
Meal-Planning Strategies | p. 473 |
Physical Activity | p. 480 |
Drug Therapy for Diabetes | p. 482 |
Monitoring Diabetes Management | p. 484 |
Diabetes Management throughout Life | p. 484 |
Diabetes Management in Childhood | p. 485 |
Diabetes Management in Pregnancy | p. 486 |
Diabetes Management in Later Life | p. 488 |
Nutrition in Practice: Mastering Diabetes Control | p. 492 |
Nutrition and Disorders of the Heart, Blood Vessels, and Lungs | p. 495 |
Atherosclerosis and Hypertension | p. 496 |
Atherosclerosis | p. 496 |
Hypertension | p. 498 |
Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) | p. 499 |
Prevention and Treatment of CHD | p. 500 |
Medical Nutrition Therapy | p. 502 |
Drug Therapy | p. 506 |
Heart Failure and Strokes | p. 508 |
Heart Attacks | p. 508 |
Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) | p. 509 |
Strokes | p. 510 |
Disorders of the Lungs | p. 511 |
Acute Respiratory Failure | p. 511 |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | p. 512 |
Nutrition in Practice: Free Radicals, Antioxidants, and CHD | p. 517 |
Nutrition and Renal Diseases | p. 519 |
Kidney Stones | p. 521 |
Consequences of Kidney Stones | p. 521 |
Prevention and Treatment of Kidney Stones | p. 522 |
The Nephrotic Syndrome | p. 523 |
Consequences of the Nephrotic Syndrome | p. 523 |
Treatment of the Nephrotic Syndrome | p. 524 |
Acute Renal Failure | p. 525 |
Consequences of Acute Renal Failure | p. 526 |
Treatment of Acute Renal Failure | p. 527 |
Chronic Renal Failure | p. 528 |
Consequences of Chronic Renal Failure | p. 529 |
Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure | p. 530 |
Kidney Transplants | p. 534 |
Nutrition in Practice: Dialysis and Nutrition | p. 539 |
Nutrition and Liver Disorders | p. 542 |
Fatty Liver and Hepatitis | p. 543 |
Fatty Liver | p. 543 |
Hepatitis | p. 544 |
Cirrhosis | p. 544 |
Consequences of Cirrhosis | p. 545 |
Treatment of Cirrhosis | p. 548 |
Medical Nutrition Therapy | p. 549 |
Liver Transplants | p. 553 |
Nutrition in Practice: Nutrition and Alcohol Abuse | p. 558 |
Nutrition, Cancer, and HIV Infection | p. 562 |
Cancer | p. 563 |
How Cancers Develop | p. 563 |
Consequences of Cancer | p. 566 |
Treatments for Cancer | p. 568 |
Medical Nutrition Therapy | p. 570 |
HIV Infection | p. 575 |
Consequences of HIV Infection | p. 575 |
Treatments for HIV Infection | p. 578 |
Medical Nutrition Therapy | p. 580 |
Nutrition in Practice: Alternative Therapies | p. 585 |
Table of Food Composition | |
Canada: Recommendations, Choice System, and Labels | |
RNI | |
Choice System for Meal Planning | |
Food Labels | |
Canada's Food Guide | |
United States: Recommendations and Exchanges | |
RDA | |
Exchange Lists for Meal Planning | |
Diet and Health Recommendations | |
Nutrition Recommendations from WHO | |
Nutrition Resources | |
Nutrition Assessment: Supplemental Information | |
Drug History: Nutrition Interactions | |
Growth Charts and Measures of Body Composition | |
Laboratory Tests of Nutrition Status | |
Aids to Calculation | |
Conversion Factors | |
Percentages | |
Ratios | |
Weights and Measures | |
Enteral Formulas | |
Answers to Self Check Questions | |
Glossary | |
Index | |
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) | |
Inside Front Cover, Right | |
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) | |
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Selected Nutrients | |
Daily Values for Food Labels | |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | |
Case Studies Appear Throughout The Chapters | |
Chapter 10 | |
Pregnant Woman with Weight Problem | p. 248 |
Chapter 11 | |
Boy with Disruptive Behavior | p. 271 |
Chapter 12 | |
Elderly Man with a Poor Diet | p. 304 |
Chapter 13 | |
Risk Factors for Malnutrition in a Computer Scientist Following a Car Accident | p. 336 |
Chapter 14 | |
Computer Scientist with Car Accident Injuries | p. 345 |
Chapter 15 | |
Accountant with Reflux Esophagitis | p. 363 |
Chapter 16 | |
College Student with Crohn's Disease | p. 391 |
Chapter 17 | |
Graphic Designer Requiring Enteral Nutrition | p. 421 |
Chapter 18 | |
Mail Carrier Requiring Parenteral Nutrition | p. 439 |
Chapter 19 | |
Journalist with a Third-Degree Burn | p. 457 |
Chapter 20 | |
Child with Type 1 Diabetes | p. 486 |
Chapter 21 | |
History Professor with Cardiovascular Disease | p. 511 |
Chapter 22 | |
Store Manager with Acute Renal Failure | p. 528 |
Chapter 23 | |
Carpenter with Cirrhosis | p. 554 |
Chapter 24 | |
Travel Agent with HIV Infection | p. 581 |
"How To" Features | |
Chapter 1 | |
Calculate the Energy a Food Provides | p. 9 |
Chapter 3 | |
Lower Fat Intake--By Food Group | p. 64 |
Chapter 7 | |
Rate Sound and Unsound Weight-Loss Schemes and Diets | p. 149 |
Change Behaviors | p. 154 |
Combat Eating Disorders | p. 162 |
Establish Healthy Eating Patterns | p. 164 |
Chapter 9 | |
Add Calcium to Daily Meals | p. 209 |
Add Iron to Daily Meals | p. 216 |
Chapter 11 | |
Protect Children from Lead Exposure | p. 269 |
Chapter 13 | |
Manage Diet-Medication Interactions | p. 319 |
Measure Weight | p. 328 |
Measure Length and Height | p. 329 |
Estimate % IBW and % UBW | p. 330 |
Chapter 14 | |
Help Clients Improve Their Food Intakes | p. 351 |
Chapter 15 | |
Improve Acceptance of Pureed Foods | p. 358 |
Prevent Indigestion | p. 361 |
Prevent and Treat Reflux Esophagitis | p. 362 |
Minimize Nausea | p. 364 |
Adjust Meals to Prevent the Dumping Syndrome | p. 369 |
Chapter 16 | |
Add Fiber to the Diet | p. 382 |
Improve Acceptance of Fat-Restricted Diets | p. 388 |
Chapter 17 | |
Help Clients Cope with Tube Feedings | p. 412 |
Plan a Tube Feeding Schedule | p. 416 |
Chapter 18 | |
Read IV Solution Abbreviations | p. 431 |
Calculate Energy and Energy Nutrient Content of IV Solutions Expressed as Percentages | p. 433 |
Chapter 19 | |
Estimate Energy and Protein Needs Following Severe Stress | p. 455 |
Chapter 20 | |
Plan a Diet for Diabetes Using Exchange Lists | p. 477 |
Help Clients Count Carbohydrates | p. 481 |
Chapter 21 | |
Help Clients Implement the DASH Diet | p. 504 |
Chapter 22 | |
Help Clients Comply with a Renal Diet | p. 533 |
Chapter 23 | |
Help the Person with Cirrhosis Eat Enough Food | p. 553 |
Chapter 24 | |
Help Clients Handle Food-Related Problems | p. 572 |
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |