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Introduction to Thermal Sciences | |
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Thermodynamics | |
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Concepts, Definitions, and Basic Principles | |
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Introduction | |
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Thermodynamic Systems and Control Volumes | |
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Macroscopic Description | |
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Properties and State of a System | |
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Equilibrium, Processes, and Cycles | |
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Units | |
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Density, Specific Volume, and Specific Weight | |
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Pressure | |
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Temperature | |
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Energy | |
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Summary | |
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Properties of Pure Substances | |
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Introduction | |
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The p-v-T Surface | |
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The Liquid-Vapor Region | |
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Properties of Steam | |
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Steam Tables | |
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TK Solver | |
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Equations of State | |
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Equations of State for a Nonideal Gas | |
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Summary | |
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Work and Heat | |
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Introduction | |
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Definition of Work | |
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Quasi-equilibrium Work Due to a Moving Boundary | |
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Nonequilibrium Work | |
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Other Work Modes | |
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Heat Transfer | |
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Conduction | |
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Convection | |
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Radiation | |
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Summary | |
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The First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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Introduction | |
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The First Law Applied to a Cycle | |
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The First Law Applied to a Process | |
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Enthalpy | |
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Latent Heat | |
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Specific Heats | |
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The First Law Applied to Systems | |
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General Formulation for Control Volumes | |
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The First Law Applied to Control Volumes | |
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Transient Flow | |
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The First Law with Heat Transfer Applications | |
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Summary | |
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
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Introduction | |
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Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators | |
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Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
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Reversibility | |
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The Carnot Engine | |
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Carnot Efficiency | |
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Entropy | |
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Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats | |
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Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Variable Specific Heats | |
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Entropy Change for Substances Such As Steam, Solids, and Liquids | |
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The Inequality of Clausius | |
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Entropy Change for an Irreversible Process | |
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The Second Law Applied to a Control Volume | |
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Summary | |
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Power and Refrigeration Vapor Cycles | |
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Introduction | |
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The Rankine Cycle | |
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A Possible Steam Carnot Cycle | |
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Rankine Cycle Efficiency | |
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The Reheat Cycle | |
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The Regenerative Cycle | |
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Effect of Losses on Power Cycle Efficiency | |
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The Vapor-Refrigeration Cycle | |
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The Heat Pump | |
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Summary | |
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Power and Refrigeration Gas Cycles | |
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Introduction | |
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The Air-Standard Cycle | |
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The Carnot Cycle | |
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The Otto Cycle | |
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The Diesel Cycle | |
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The Brayton Cycle | |
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The Regenerative Brayton Cycle | |
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The Combined Brayton-Rankine Cycle | |
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The Gas-Refrigeration Cycle | |
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Summary | |
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Psychrometrics | |
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Introduction | |
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Gas-Vapor Mixtures | |
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Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures | |
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The Psychrometric Chart | |
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Air-Conditioning Processes | |
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Summary | |
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Combustion | |
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Combustion Equations | |
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Enthalpy of Formation, Enthalpy of Combustion, and the First Law | |
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Adiabatic Flame Temperature | |
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Summary | |
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Fluid Mechanics | |
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Basic Considerations | |
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Introduction | |
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Dimensions, Units, and Physical Quantities | |
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Continuum View of Gases and Liquids | |
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Pressure and Temperature Scales | |
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Fluid Properties | |
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Density and Specific Weight | |
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Viscosity | |
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Compressibility | |
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Surface Tension | |
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Vapor Pressure | |
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Conservation Laws | |
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Thermodynamic Properties and Relationships | |
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Properties of an Ideal Gas | |
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First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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Other Thermodynamic Quantities | |
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Summary | |
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Fluid Statics | |
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Introduction | |
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Pressure at Point | |
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Pressure Variation | |
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Fluids at Rest | |
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Pressures in Liquids at Rest | |
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Pressures in the Atmosphere | |
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Manometers | |
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Forces on Plane Areas | |
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Forces on Curved Surfaces | |
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Buoyancy | |
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Linearly Accelerating Containers | |
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Rotating Containers | |
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Summary | |
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Introduction to Fluids in Motion | |
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Introduction | |
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Description of Fluid Motion | |
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Lagrangian and Eulerian Disciplines of Motion | |
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Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines | |
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Acceleration | |
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Angular Velocity and Vorticity | |
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Classification of Fluid Flows | |
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One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows | |
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Viscous and Inviscid Flows | |
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Laminar and Turbulent Flows | |
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Incompressible and Compressible Flows | |
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The Bernoulli Equation | |
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Summary | |
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The Integral Forms of the Fundamental Laws | |
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Introduction | |
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The Three Basic Laws | |
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System-to-Control-Volume Transformation | |
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Simplifications of the System-to-Control-Volume Transformation | |
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Conservation of Mass | |
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Energy Equation | |
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Work-Rate Term | |
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General Energy Equation | |
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Steady Uniform Flow | |
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Steady Nonuniform Flow | |
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Momentum Equation | |
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General Momentum Equation | |
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Steady Uniform Flow | |
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Momentum Equation Applied to Deflectors | |
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Steady Nonuniform Flow | |
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Summary | |
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Dimensional Analysis and Similitude | |
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Introduction | |
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Dimensional Analysis | |
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Motivation | |
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Review of Dimensions | |
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Buckingham [pi]-Theorem | |
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Common Dimensionless Parameters | |
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Similitude | |
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General Information | |
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Confined Flows | |
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Free-Surface Flows | |
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High-Reynolds-Number Flows | |
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Compressible Flows | |
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Periodic Flows | |
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Summary | |
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Internal Flows | |
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Introduction | |
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Entrance Flow and Developed Flow | |
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Laminar Flow in a Pipe | |
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Laminar Flow between Parallel Plates | |
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Laminar Flow between Rotating Cylinders | |
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Turbulent Flow in a Pipe | |
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Differential Equation | |
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Velocity Profile | |
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Losses in Developed Pipe Flow | |
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Losses in Noncircular Conduits | |
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Minor Losses in Pipe Flow | |
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Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines | |
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Simple Pipe System with a Pump | |
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Uniform Turbulent Flow in Open Channels | |
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Summary | |
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External Flows | |
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Introduction | |
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Separation | |
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Flow around Immersed Bodies | |
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Drag Coefficients | |
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Vortex Shedding | |
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Streamlining | |
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Cavitation | |
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Added Mass | |
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Lift and Drag on Airfoils | |
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Potential Flow Theory | |
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Basic Flow Equations | |
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Simple Solutions | |
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Superposition | |
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Boundary Layer Theory | |
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General Background | |
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Von Karman Integral Equation | |
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Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer | |
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Turbulent Boundary Layer: Power-Law Form | |
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Turbulent Boundary Layer: Empirical Form | |
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Convection Heat Transfer | |
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Pressure Gradient Effects | |
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Summary | |
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Compressible Flow | |
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Introduction | |
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Speed of Sound and the Mach Number | |
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Isentropic Nozzle Flow | |
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Normal Shock Wave | |
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Shock Waves in Converging-Diverging Nozzles | |
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Oblique Shock Waves | |
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Isentropic Expansion Waves | |
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Summary | |
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Appendix | |
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Units and Conversions | |
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Material Properties | |
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Thermodynamic Properties of Water (Steam Tables) | |
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Thermodynamic Properties of Freon 12 | |
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Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia | |
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Ideal-Gas Tables | |
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Psychrometric Charts | |
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Compressibility Chart | |
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Compressible-Flow Tables for Air | |
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Properties of Areas and Volumes | |
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Vector Relations | |
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Answers to Selected Problems | |
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Index | |