The Major Issues | p. 1 |
The Mind-Brain Relationship | p. 2 |
Biological Explanations of Behavior | p. 3 |
The Brain and Conscious Experience | p. 5 |
In Closing: The Biology of Experience | p. 7 |
Nature and Nurture | p. 9 |
The Genetics of Behavior | p. 9 |
Mendelian Genetics | p. 9 |
Heritability | p. 11 |
How Genes Affect Behavior | p. 12 |
The Evolution of Behavior | p. 13 |
Common Misunderstandings About Evolution | p. 13 |
Sociobiology | p. 16 |
In Closing: Genes and Behavior | p. 17 |
The Use of Animals in Research | p. 19 |
Reasons for Animal Research | p. 19 |
The Ethical Debate | p. 19 |
In Closing: Humans and Animals | p. 22 |
Prospects for Further Study | p. 24 |
Terms | p. 25 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 25 |
Web Sites to Explore | p. 25 |
Active Learner Link | p. 26 |
Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses | p. 29 |
The Cells of the Nervous System | p. 30 |
Neurons and Glia | p. 30 |
The Structures of an Animal Cell | p. 30 |
Santiago Ramon y Cajal | p. 31 |
The Structure of a Neuron | p. 32 |
Variations Among Neurons | p. 34 |
Glia | p. 35 |
The Blood-Brain Barrier | p. 36 |
Why We Need a Blood-Brain Barrier | p. 36 |
How the Blood-Brain Barrier Works | p. 37 |
The Nourishment of Vertebrate Neurons | p. 37 |
In Closing: Neurons | p. 38 |
The Nerve Impulse | p. 39 |
The Resting Potential of the Neuron | p. 39 |
The Forces Behind the Resting Potential | p. 40 |
Why a Resting Potential? | p. 41 |
The Action Potential | p. 42 |
The Molecular Basis of the Action Potential | p. 42 |
The All-or-None Law | p. 44 |
The Refractory Period | p. 44 |
Propagation of the Action Potential | p. 44 |
The Myelin Sheath and Saltatory Conduction | p. 45 |
Signaling Without Action Potentials | p. 46 |
On the Growth of Neurons and the Growth of Misconceptions | p. 47 |
In Closing: Neural Messages | p. 47 |
Terms | p. 48 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 49 |
Web Sites to Explore | p. 49 |
Active Learner Link | p. 49 |
Communication Within the Body: Synapses and Hormones | p. 51 |
The Concept of the Synapse | p. 52 |
The Properties of Synapses | p. 52 |
Speed of a Reflex and Delayed Transmission at the Synapse | p. 52 |
Temporal Summation | p. 52 |
Spatial Summation | p. 54 |
Inhibitory Synapses | p. 54 |
Relationship Among EPSP, IPSP, and Action Potential | p. 56 |
In Closing: The Neuron as Decision Maker | p. 56 |
Chemical Events at the Synapse | p. 58 |
The Discovery That Most Synaptic Transmission Is Chemical | p. 58 |
The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse | p. 59 |
Types of Neurotransmitters | p. 59 |
Synthesis of Transmitters | p. 60 |
Transport of Transmitters | p. 61 |
Release and Diffusion of Transmitters | p. 62 |
Activation of Receptors of the Postsynaptic Cell | p. 62 |
Inactivation and Reuptake of Neurotransmitters | p. 65 |
In Closing: Neurotransmitters and Behavior | p. 66 |
Synapses, Abused Drugs, and Behavior | p. 68 |
How Drugs Affect Synapses | p. 68 |
Synapses, Reinforcement, and Drug Use | p. 69 |
Electrical Self-Stimulation of the Brain | p. 69 |
Effects of Stimulant Drugs on Dopamine Synapses | p. 70 |
PET Scans | p. 72 |
Nicotine | p. 72 |
Opiates | p. 72 |
PCP | p. 73 |
Marijuana | p. 74 |
Hallucinogenic Drugs | p. 74 |
Caffeine | p. 74 |
Alcohol | p. 75 |
Synapses, Reinforcement, and Personality | p. 75 |
In Closing: Drugs and Behavior | p. 76 |
Hormones and Behavior | p. 78 |
Mechanisms of Hormone Actions | p. 78 |
Control of Hormone Release | p. 81 |
In Closing: Hormones and the Nervous System | p. 83 |
Terms | p. 84 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 84 |
Web Sites to Explore | p. 85 |
Active Learner Link | p. 85 |
Anatomy of the Nervous System | p. 87 |
The Divisions of the Vertebrate Nervous System | p. 88 |
Some Terminology | p. 88 |
The Spinal Cord | p. 89 |
The Autonomic Nervous System | p. 91 |
Gooseflesh | p. 93 |
The Hindbrain | p. 93 |
The Midbrain | p. 95 |
The Forebrain | p. 96 |
Thalamus | p. 96 |
Hypothalamus | p. 97 |
Pituitary Gland | p. 97 |
Basal Ganglia | p. 97 |
Basal Forebrain | p. 99 |
Hippocampus | p. 99 |
The Ventricles | p. 99 |
In Closing: Structures of the Nervous System | p. 100 |
The Cerebral Cortex | p. 102 |
Organization of the Cerebral Cortex | p. 102 |
The Occipital Lobe | p. 103 |
The Parietal Lobe | p. 103 |
The Temporal Lobe | p. 105 |
The Rise and Fall of Prefrontal Lobotomies | p. 106 |
The Frontal Lobe | p. 106 |
How Do the Pieces Work Together? | p. 107 |
Does the Brain Operate as a Whole or as | |
A Collection of Parts? | p. 108 |
The Binding Problem | p. 108 |
In Closing: Functions of the Cerebral Cortex | p. 111 |
Terms | p. 112 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 113 |
Web Sites to Explore | p. 113 |
Active Learner Link | p. 113 |
Development and Plasticity of the Brain | p. 115 |
Development of the Brain | p. 116 |
Growth and Differentiation of the Vertebrate Brain | p. 116 |
Growth and Development of Neurons | p. 117 |
Determinants of Neuron Survival | p. 118 |
Pathfinding by Axons | p. 120 |
Chemical Pathfinding by Axons | p. 120 |
Competition Among Axons as a General Principle | p. 122 |
Fine-Tuning by Experience | p. 122 |
Effects of Experience on Dendritic Branching | p. 123 |
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) | p. 124 |
Generation of New Neurons | p. 124 |
Effects of Experience on Human Brain Structures | p. 125 |
Combinations of Chemical and Experiential Effects | p. 126 |
Proportional Growth of Brain Areas | p. 126 |
MRI Scans | p. 128 |
The Vulnerable Developing Brain | p. 128 |
Attention-Deficit Disorder: Mixed Abnormalities of Brain Development | p. 129 |
In Closing: Brain Development | p. 130 |
Recovery of Function After Brain Damage | p. 132 |
Causes of Human Brain Damage | p. 132 |
Why Don't Woodpeckers Get Concussions? | p. 133 |
Adjustments and Potential Recovery After Brain Damage | p. 135 |
Learned Adjustments in Behavior | p. 135 |
Lesions | p. 136 |
Diaschisis | p. 136 |
The Regrowth of Axons | p. 137 |
Sprouting | p. 138 |
Denervation Supersensitivity | p. 138 |
Autoradiography | p. 139 |
Reorganized Sensory Representations and the Phantom Limb | p. 140 |
Histochemistry | p. 142 |
Effects of Age | p. 143 |
Therapies | p. 145 |
Behavioral Interventions | p. 145 |
Drugs | p. 146 |
Brain Grafts | p. 146 |
In Closing: Brain Damage and Recovery | p. 146 |
Terms | p. 148 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 148 |
Web Sites to Explore | p. 148 |
Active Learner Link | p. 148 |
Vision | p. 151 |
Visual Coding and the Retinal Receptors | p. 152 |
Reception, Transduction, and Coding | p. 152 |
From Neuronal Activity to Perception | p. 152 |
General Principles of Sensory Coding | p. 153 |
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain | p. 153 |
The Fovea | p. 153 |
The Route Within the Retina | p. 155 |
Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones | p. 156 |
Color Vision | p. 157 |
The Trichromatic (Young-Helmholtz) Theory | p. 158 |
The Opponent-Process Theory | p. 159 |
The Retinex Theory | p. 159 |
Color Vision Deficiency | p. 161 |
In Closing: Visual Receptors | p. 161 |
The Neural Basis of Visual Perception | p. 163 |
An Overview of the Mammalian Visual System | p. 163 |
Mechanisms of Processing in the Visual System | p. 163 |
Receptive Fields | p. 163 |
Lateral Inhibition | p. 166 |
Concurrent Pathways in the Visual System | p. 167 |
In the Retina and Lateral Geniculate | p. 168 |
In the Cerebral Cortex | p. 168 |
The Cerebral Cortex: The Shape Pathway | p. 170 |
Hubel and Wiesel's Cell Types in the Primary Visual Cortex | p. 170 |
Microelectrode Recordings | p. 171 |
The Columnar Organization of the Visual Cortex | p. 171 |
Are Visual Cortex Cells Feature Detectors? | p. 172 |
Shape Analysis Beyond Areas V1 and V2 | p. 173 |
Disorders of Object Recognition | p. 174 |
fMRI Scans | p. 175 |
The Cerebral Cortex: The Color Pathway | p. 176 |
The Cerebral Cortex: The Motion and Depth Pathways | p. 176 |
Structures Important for Motion Perception | p. 176 |
Motion Blindness | p. 177 |
Visual Attention | p. 177 |
The Binding Problem Revisited: Visual Consciousness | p. 178 |
Suppressed Vision During Eye Movements | p. 179 |
In Closing: Coordinating Separate Visual Pathways | p. 179 |
Development of the Visual System | p. 181 |
Infant Vision | p. 181 |
Effects of Experience on Visual Development | p. 181 |
Effects of Early Lack of Stimulation of One Eye | p. 182 |
Effects of Early Lack of Stimulation of Both Eyes | p. 182 |
Restoration of Response After Early Deprivation of Vision | p. 183 |
Uncorrelated Stimulation in Both Eyes | p. 184 |
Early Exposure to a Limited Array of Patterns | p. 184 |
Lack of Seeing Objects in Motion | p. 185 |
Effects of Blindness on the Cortex | p. 185 |
In Closing: Developing Vision | p. 186 |
Terms | p. 187 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 187 |
Web Sites to Explore | p. 187 |
Active Learner Link | p. 188 |
The Nonvisual Sensory Systems | p. 191 |
Audition | p. 192 |
Sound and the Ear | p. 192 |
Physical and Psychological Dimensions of Sound | p. 192 |
Structures of the Ear | p. 192 |
Pitch Perception | p. 194 |
Frequency Theory and Place Theory | p. 194 |
Pitch Perception in the Cerebral Cortex | p. 196 |
Hearing Loss | p. 197 |
Localization of Sounds | p. 198 |
In Closing: Functions of Hearing | p. 199 |
The Mechanical Senses | p. 201 |
Vestibular Sensation | p. 201 |
Somatosensation | p. 201 |
Somatosensory Receptors | p. 201 |
Input to the Spinal Cord and the Brain | p. 202 |
Tickle | p. 203 |
Pain | p. 204 |
Pain Neurons and Their Neurotransmitters | p. 205 |
Headaches | p. 206 |
Pain and the Brain | p. 206 |
Events That Limit Pain | p. 207 |
Stimuli That Produce Analgesia | p. 208 |
The Pros and Cons of Morphine Analgesia | p. 208 |
Sensitization of Pain | p. 209 |
In Closing: The Mechanical Senses | p. 210 |
The Chemical Senses | p. 211 |
General Issues About Chemical Coding | p. 211 |
Taste | p. 212 |
Taste Receptors | p. 212 |
How Many Kinds of Taste Receptors? | p. 213 |
Mechanisms of Taste Receptors | p. 213 |
Individual Differences in Taste | p. 213 |
Miracle Berries and the Modification of Taste Receptors | p. 214 |
How Do We Perceive Tastes? | p. 214 |
Taste Coding in the Brain | p. 214 |
Olfaction | p. 215 |
Olfactory Receptors | p. 216 |
Behavioral Methods of Identifying Olfactory Receptors | p. 217 |
Biochemical Identification of Receptor Types | p. 217 |
Implications for Coding | p. 217 |
Vomeronasal Sensation and Pheromones | p. 218 |
In Closing: Different Senses as Different Ways of Knowing the World | p. 219 |
Terms | p. 220 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 221 |
Web Sites to Explore | p. 221 |
Active Learner Link | p. 221 |
Movement | p. 223 |
The Control of Movement | p. 224 |
Muscles and Their Movements | p. 224 |
Fast and Slow Muscles | p. 226 |
Muscle Control by Proprioceptors | p. 226 |
Units of Movement | p. 228 |
Voluntary and Involuntary Movements | p. 228 |
Movements with Different Sensitivity to Feedback | p. 228 |
Infant Reflexes | p. 229 |
Sequences of Behaviors | p. 229 |
In Closing: Categories of Movement | p. 230 |
Brain Mechanisms of Movement | p. 231 |
The Role of the Cerebral Cortex | p. 231 |
Areas Near the Primary Motor Cortex | p. 232 |
Connections from the Brain to the Spinal Cord | p. 235 |
The Role of the Cerebellum | p. 237 |
Evidence of a Broad Role | p. 237 |
Cellular Organization | p. 238 |
The Role of the Basal Ganglia | p. 240 |
In Closing: Possibilities for the Future | p. 241 |
Disorders of Movement | p. 242 |
Parkinson's Disease | p. 242 |
Possible Causes | p. 243 |
L-Dopa Treatment | p. 244 |
Therapies Other Than L-Dopa | p. 245 |
Huntington's Disease | p. 246 |
Heredity and Presymptomatic Testing | p. 247 |
In Closing: Heredity and Environment in Movement Disorders | p. 248 |
Terms | p. 250 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 250 |
Web Sites to Explore | p. 250 |
Active Learner Link | p. 251 |
Rhythms of Wakefulness and Sleep | p. 253 |
Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping | p. 254 |
Endogenous Cycles | p. 254 |
Setting and Resetting the Cycle | p. 255 |
Duration of the Human Circadian Rhythm | p. 255 |
Resetting the Biological Clock | p. 256 |
Jet Lag | p. 256 |
Shift Work | p. 257 |
The Mechanisms of the Biological Clock | p. 257 |
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) | p. 257 |
How Light Resets the SCN | p. 257 |
Melatonin | p. 259 |
In Closing: Sleep-Wake Cycles | p. 259 |
Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms | p. 261 |
The Stages of Sleep | p. 261 |
Electroencephalography (EEG) | p. 262 |
Paradoxical or REM Sleep | p. 262 |
Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness and Arousal | p. 264 |
Brain Structures of Arousal | p. 264 |
Getting to Sleep | p. 265 |
Brain Function in REM Sleep | p. 267 |
Abnormalities of Sleep | p. 268 |
Insomnia | p. 268 |
Sleep Apnea | p. 269 |
Narcolepsy | p. 270 |
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder | p. 270 |
REM Behavior Disorder | p. 270 |
Night Terrors, Sleep Talking, or Sleepwalking | p. 271 |
In Closing: Stages of Sleep | p. 271 |
Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? | p. 273 |
The Functions of Sleep | p. 273 |
The Repair and Restoration Theory | p. 273 |
The Evolutionary Theory | p. 273 |
Some Facts About Hibernation | p. 274 |
The Functions of REM Sleep | p. 274 |
Individual and Species Differences | p. 274 |
The Effects of REM Sleep Deprivation | p. 276 |
Hypotheses | p. 276 |
Biological Perspectives on Dreaming | p. 277 |
The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis | p. 277 |
A Clinico-Anatomical Hypothesis | p. 278 |
In Closing: Our Limited Self-Understanding | p. 278 |
Terms | p. 279 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 279 |
Web Sites to Explore | p. 279 |
Active Learner Link | p. 279 |
The Regulation of Internal Body States | p. 281 |
Temperature Regulation | p. 282 |
Homeostasis | p. 282 |
Controlling Body Temperature | p. 282 |
The Advantages of Constant Body Temperature | p. 282 |
Surviving in Extreme Cold | p. 283 |
Brain Mechanisms | p. 285 |
Behavioral Mechanisms | p. 286 |
Fever | p. 286 |
Temperature Regulation and Behavior | p. 286 |
The Development of Animal Behavior | p. 286 |
The Tonic Immobility Response | p. 287 |
In Closing: Temperature and Behavior | p. 287 |
Thirst | p. 289 |
Mechanisms of Water Regulation | p. 289 |
Osmotic Thirst | p. 289 |
Hypovolemic Thirst | p. 291 |
Mechanisms | p. 291 |
Sodium-Specific Cravings | p. 291 |
In Closing: The Psychology and Biology of Thirst | p. 292 |
Hunger | p. 294 |
How the Digestive System Influences Food Selection | p. 295 |
Enzymes and Consumption of Dairy Products | p. 295 |
Other Influences on Food Selection | p. 295 |
How Taste and Digestion Control Hunger and Satiety | p. 296 |
Oral Factors | p. 296 |
The Stomach and Intestines | p. 297 |
Glucose, Insulin, and Glucagon | p. 297 |
The Hypothalamus and Feeding Regulation | p. 299 |
The Lateral Hypothalamus | p. 299 |
Medial Areas of the Hypothalamus | p. 300 |
Using Multiple Research Methods | p. 301 |
Satiety Chemicals and Eating Disorders | p. 302 |
Leptin | p. 302 |
Neuropeptide Y | p. 303 |
Other Neuromodulators and Hormones | p. 304 |
Microdialysis | p. 305 |
Genetics, Metabolic Rate, and Body Weight | p. 305 |
Weight-Loss Techniques | p. 306 |
Anorexia and Bulimia | p. 306 |
In Closing: The Multiple Controls of Hunger | p. 307 |
Terms | p. 308 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 309 |
Web Sites to Explore | p. 309 |
Active Learner Link | p. 309 |
Reproductive Behaviors | p. 311 |
The Effects of Sex Hormones | p. 312 |
Organizing Effects of Sex Hormones | p. 312 |
Sex Differences in the Gonads and Hypothalamus | p. 312 |
Sexual Differentiation in the Spotted Hyena | p. 314 |
Sex Differences in Nonreproductive Characteristics | p. 315 |
Activating Effects of Sex Hormones | p. 315 |
Sexual Behavior in Rodents | p. 315 |
Behavior Influences Hormonal Secretions | p. 316 |
Sexual Behavior in Humans | p. 316 |
Nonsexual Behavior | p. 319 |
Premenstrual Syndrome | p. 320 |
Puberty | p. 321 |
Parental Behavior | p. 321 |
In Closing: Sex-Related Behaviors and Motivations | p. 322 |
Variations in Sexual Development and Orientation | p. 324 |
Determinants of Gender Identity | p. 324 |
Intersexes | p. 324 |
Testicular Feminization | p. 326 |
Discrepancies of Sexual Appearance | p. 326 |
Possible Biological Bases of Sexual Orientation | p. 327 |
Genetics | p. 327 |
Hormones | p. 328 |
Brain Anatomy | p. 330 |
In Closing: We Are Not All the Same | p. 331 |
Terms | p. 332 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 332 |
Support Groups | p. 333 |
Web Sites to Explore | p. 333 |
Active Learner Link | p. 333 |
Emotional Behaviors | p. 335 |
What Is Emotion, Anyway? And What Good Is It? | p. 336 |
Are Emotions Useful? | p. 337 |
Emotions and Readiness for Action | p. 338 |
In Closing: Emotions and the Mind | p. 340 |
Stress and Health | p. 342 |
Stress and the Autonomic Nervous System | p. 342 |
Psychosomatic Illnesses | p. 342 |
Voodoo Death and Related Phenomena | p. 343 |
Stress and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortex Axis | p. 344 |
The Immune System | p. 344 |
Effects of Stress on the Immune System | p. 346 |
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | p. 347 |
In Closing: Emotions and Body Reactions | p. 348 |
Attack and Escape Behaviors | p. 349 |
Attack Behaviors | p. 349 |
Heredity and Environment in Human Violence | p. 349 |
Hormones | p. 351 |
Temporal Lobe and Violence | p. 351 |
Serotonin Synapses and Aggressive Behavior | p. 352 |
Panic Disorder | p. 354 |
Escape Behaviors | p. 354 |
Fear, Enhanced Fears, and the Amygdala | p. 354 |
The Human Amygdala | p. 356 |
Anxiety-Reducing Drugs | p. 357 |
The Relationship Between Alcohol and Tranquilizers | p. 359 |
In Closing: Understanding Emotions and Doing Something About Them | p. 359 |
Terms | p. 361 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 361 |
Web Sites to Explore | p. 361 |
Active Learner Link | p. 361 |
The Biology of Learning and Memory | p. 363 |
Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning | p. 364 |
Localized Representations of Memory | p. 364 |
Lashley's Search for the Engram | p. 364 |
The Modern Search for the Engram | p. 366 |
Types of Memory | p. 368 |
Short-Term and Long-Term Memory | p. 368 |
Consolidation of Long-Term Memories | p. 368 |
A Modified Theory: Working Memory | p. 369 |
The Hippocampus and Amnesia | p. 370 |
Memory Loss After Hippocampal Damage | p. 370 |
Theories of the Function of the Hippocampus | p. 372 |
Other Types of Brain Damage and Amnesia | p. 375 |
Korsakoff's Syndrome and Other Prefrontal Damage | p. 375 |
Alzheimer's Disease | p. 376 |
What Amnesic Patients Teach Us | p. 378 |
Infant Amnesia | p. 378 |
In Closing: Different Types of Memory | p. 379 |
Storing Information in the Nervous System | p. 381 |
Learning and the Hebbian Synapse | p. 381 |
Single-Cell Mechanisms of Invertebrate Behavior Change | p. 381 |
Blind Alleys and Abandoned Mines in Research | p. 382 |
Aplysia as an Experimental Animal | p. 382 |
Habituation in Aplysia | p. 382 |
Sensitization in Aplysia | p. 383 |
Long-Term Potentiation in Mammals | p. 385 |
Biochemical Mechanisms | p. 385 |
LTP and Behavior | p. 385 |
In Closing: The Physiology of Memory | p. 388 |
Terms | p. 390 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 390 |
Web Sites to Explore | p. 390 |
Active Learner Link | p. 391 |
Lateralization and Language | p. 393 |
Lateralization of Function | p. 394 |
Visual and Auditory Connections to the Hemispheres | p. 395 |
Epilepsy | p. 396 |
Cutting the Corpus Callosum | p. 396 |
Testing Hemispheric Dominance for Speech | p. 398 |
Split Hemispheres: Competition and Cooperation | p. 399 |
The Right Hemisphere | p. 399 |
Hemispheric Specializations in Intact Brains | p. 401 |
Development of Lateralization and Handedness | p. 401 |
Anatomical Differences Between the Hemispheres | p. 401 |
Maturation of the Corpus Callosum | p. 402 |
Development Without a Corpus Callosum | p. 402 |
Handedness and Language Dominance | p. 403 |
Avoiding Overstatements | p. 403 |
In Closing: One Brain, Two Hemispheres | p. 404 |
Evolution and Physiology of Language | p. 405 |
Nonhuman Precursors of Language | p. 405 |
Common Chimpanzees | p. 405 |
Bonobos | p. 405 |
Nonprimates | p. 407 |
How Did Humans Evolve Language? | p. 408 |
Language as a Product of Overall Intelligence | p. 408 |
Language as a Special Module | p. 410 |
Is There a Critical Period for Language Learning? | p. 411 |
Effects of Brain Damage on Language | p. 411 |
Broca's Aphasia | p. 412 |
Phrenology | p. 413 |
Wernike's Aphasia | p. 414 |
Beyond Broca and Wernicke | p. 414 |
Dyslexia | p. 416 |
In Closing: Language and the Brain | p. 418 |
Terms | p. 420 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 420 |
Web Sites to Explore | p. 420 |
Active Learner Link | p. 420 |
Alcoholism, Mood Disorders, and Schizophrenia | p. 423 |
Alcoholism | p. 424 |
Genetics | p. 424 |
Alcohol Metabolism and Antabuse | p. 425 |
Risk Factors for Alcohol Abuse | p. 426 |
In Closing: Alcoholism and Addiction | p. 427 |
Mood Disorders | p. 428 |
Major Depressive Disorder | p. 428 |
Genetics | p. 428 |
Triggering Depressed Episodes | p. 429 |
Abnormalities of Hemispheric Dominance | p. 429 |
Viruses | p. 429 |
Accidental Discoveries of Psychiatric Drugs | p. 430 |
Antidepressant Drugs | p. 430 |
Other Therapies | p. 432 |
Bipolar Disorder | p. 434 |
Genetics | p. 434 |
Treatments | p. 434 |
Seasonal Affective Disorder | p. 435 |
In Closing: The Biology of Mood Swings | p. 436 |
Schizophrenia | p. 438 |
Characteristics | p. 438 |
Behavioral Symptoms | p. 438 |
Demographic Data | p. 439 |
Differential Diagnosis of Psychological Disorders | p. 440 |
Genetics | p. 440 |
Twin Studies | p. 440 |
Adopted Children Who Develop Schizophrenia | p. 441 |
Potentially More Decisive Evidence | p. 441 |
Efforts to Locate a Gene | p. 442 |
The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis | p. 443 |
Prenatal and Neonatal Abnormalities of Development | p. 443 |
Mild Brain Abnormalities | p. 444 |
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task | p. 445 |
Early Development and Later Psychopathology | p. 445 |
Neurotransmitters and Drugs | p. 446 |
The Dopamine Hypothesis | p. 446 |
The Glutamate Hypothesis | p. 447 |
The Search for Improved Drugs | p. 449 |
In Closing: The Fascination of Schizophrenia | p. 449 |
Terms | p. 451 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 451 |
Web Sites to Explore | p. 451 |
Active Learner Link | p. 451 |
Brief, Basic Chemistry | p. 453 |
Society for Neuroscience Policies on the Use of Animals and Human Subjects in Neuroscience Research | p. 459 |
References | p. 462 |
Credits | p. 516 |
Theme Index | p. 520 |
Name Index | p. 522 |
Subject Index/Glossary | p. 533 |
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