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| List of Illustrations | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Basic Properties of Radiation, Atmospheres, and Oceans | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Parts of the Spectrum | |
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| Extraterrestrial Solar Flux | |
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| Terrestrial Infrared Flux | |
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| Radiative Interaction with Planetary Media | |
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| Feedback Processes | |
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| Types of Matter that Affect Radiation | |
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| Vertical Structure of Planetary Atmospheres | |
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| Hydrostatic and Ideal Gas Laws | |
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| Minor Species in the Atmosphere | |
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| Optical Line-of-Sight Paths | |
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| Radiative Equilibrium and the Thermal Structure of Atmospheres | |
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| Climate Change: Radiative Forcing and Feedbacks | |
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| Density Structure of the Ocean | |
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| Vertical Structure of the Ocean | |
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| The Mixed Layer and the Deep Ocean | |
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| Seasonal Variations of Ocean Properties | |
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| Sea-Surface Temperature | |
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| Ocean Spectral Reflectance and Opacity | |
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| Remarks on Nomenclature, Notation, and Units | |
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| Summary | |
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| Basic State Variables and the Radiative Transfer Equation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Geometrical Optics | |
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| Radiative Flux or Irradiance | |
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| Spectral Intensity and Its Angular Moments | |
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| Relationship between Flux and Intensity | |
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| Average Intensity and Energy Density | |
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| Some Theorems on Intensity | |
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| Intensity and Flux from an Extended Source | |
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| Perception of Brightness: Analogy with Radiance | |
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| The Extinction Law | |
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| Extinction = Scattering + Absorption | |
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| The Differential Equation of Radiative Transfer | |
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| Summary | |
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| Basic Scattering Processes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Lorentz Theory for Radiation-Matter Interactions | |
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| Scattering and Collective Effects in a Uniform Medium | |
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| Scattering from Density Irregularities | |
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| Scattering in Random Media | |
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| First-Order and Multiple Scattering | |
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| Scattering from a Damped Simple Harmonic Oscillator | |
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| Case (1): Resonance Scattering and the Lorentz Profile | |
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| Conservative and Nonconservative Scattering | |
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| Natural Broadening | |
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| Pressure Broadening | |
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| Doppler Broadening | |
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| Realistic Line-Broadening Processes | |
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| Case (2): Rayleigh Scattering | |
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| The Scattering Phase Function | |
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| Rayleigh-Scattering Phase Function | |
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| Mie-Debye Scattering | |
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| Summary | |
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| Absorption by Solid, Aqueous, and Gaseous Media | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Absorption on Surfaces, on Aerosols, and within Aqueous Media | |
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| Solids | |
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| Aerosols | |
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| Liquids | |
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| Molecular Absorption in Gases | |
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| Thermal Emission and Radiation Laws | |
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| Planck's Spectral Distribution Law | |
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| Radiative Excitation Processes in Molecules | |
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| Inelastic Collisional Processes | |
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| Maintenance of Thermal Equilibrium Distributions | |
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| The Two-Level Atom | |
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| Microscopic Radiative Transfer Equation | |
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| Effects of Collisions on State Populations | |
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| Absorption in Molecular Lines and Bands | |
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| Molecular Rotation: The Rigid Rotator | |
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| Molecular Vibration and Rotation: The Vibrating Rotator | |
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| Line Strengths | |
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| Absorption Processes in the UV/Visible | |
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| Summary | |
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| Principles of Radiative Transfer | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Boundary Properties of Planetary Media | |
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| Thermal Emission from a Surface | |
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| Absorption by a Surface | |
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| Kirchhoff's Law for Surfaces | |
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| Surface Reflection: The BRDF | |
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| Albedo for Collimated Incidence | |
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| The Flux Reflectance, or Albedo: Diffuse Incidence | |
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| Analytic Reflectance Expressions | |
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| The Opposition Effect | |
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| Specular Reflection from the Sea Surface | |
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| Transmission through a Slab Medium | |
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| Spherical, or Bond Albedo | |
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| Absorption and Scattering in Planetary Media | |
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| Kirchhoff's Law for Volume Absorption and Emission | |
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| Differential Equation of Radiative Transfer | |
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| Solution of the Radiative Transfer Equation for Zero Scattering | |
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| Solution with Zero Scattering in Slab Geometry | |
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| Half-Range Quantities in a Slab Geometry | |
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| Formal Solution in a Slab Geometry | |
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| Gray Slab Medium in Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium | |
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| Formal Solution Including Scattering and Emission | |
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| Radiative Heating Rate | |
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| Generalized Gershun's Law | |
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| Warming Rate, or the Temperature Tendency | |
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| Actinic Radiation, Photolysis Rate, and Dose Rate | |
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| Summary | |
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| Formulation of Radiative Transfer Problems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Separation into Diffuse and Direct (Solar) Components | |
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| Lower Boundary Conditions | |
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| Multiple Scattering | |
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| Azimuth Independence of Flux and Mean Intensity | |
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| Azimuthal Dependence of the Radiation Field | |
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| Spherical Shell Geometry | |
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| Nonstratified Media | |
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| Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere-Ocean System | |
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| Two Stratified Media with Different Indices of Refraction | |
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| Examples of Phase Functions | |
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| Rayleigh Phase Function | |
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| The Mie-Debye Phase Function | |
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| Scaling Transformations Useful for Anisotropic Scattering | |
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| The [delta]-Isotropic Approximation | |
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| The [delta]-Two-Term Approximation | |
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| Remarks on Low-Order Scaling Approximations | |
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| The [delta]-N Approximation: Arbitrary N | |
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| Mathematical and Physical Meaning of the Scaling | |
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| Prototype Problems in Radiative Transfer Theory | |
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| Prototype Problem 1: Uniform Illumination | |
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| Prototype Problem 2: Constant Imbedded Source | |
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| Prototype Problem 3: Diffuse Reflection Problem | |
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| Boundary Conditions: Reflecting and Emitting Surface | |
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| Reciprocity, Duality, and Inhomogeneous Media | |
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| Effects of Surface Reflection on the Radiation Field | |
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| Integral Equation Formulation of Radiative Transfer | |
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| Probabilistic Aspects of Radiative Transfer | |
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| The Escape Probability | |
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| Summary | |
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| Approximate Solutions of Prototype Problems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Separation of the Radiation Field into Orders of Scattering | |
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| Lambda Iteration: The Multiple-Scattering Series | |
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| Single-Scattered Contribution from Ground Reflection: The Planetary Problem | |
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| The Two-Stream Approximation: Isotropic Scattering | |
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| Approximate Differential Equations | |
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| The Mean Inclination: Possible Choices for [mu] | |
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| Prototype Problem 1: Differential-Equation Approach | |
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| Prototype Problem 2: Imbedded Source | |
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| Prototype Problem 3: Beam Incidence | |
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| Conservative Scattering in a Finite Slab | |
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| Anisotropic Scattering | |
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| Two-Stream Versus Eddington Approximations | |
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| The Backscattering Coefficients | |
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| Two-Stream Solutions for Anisotropic Scattering | |
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| Scaling Approximations for Anisotropic Scattering | |
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| Generalized Two-Stream Equations | |
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| Accuracy of the Two-Stream Method | |
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| Final Comments on the Two-Stream Method | |
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| Summary | |
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| Accurate Numerical Solutions of Prototype Problems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Discrete-Ordinate Method-Isotropic Scattering | |
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| Quadrature Formulas | |
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| The Double-Gauss Method | |
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| Anisotropic Scattering | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| Quadrature Rule | |
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| Matrix Formulation of the Discrete-Ordinate Method | |
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| Two- and Four-Stream Approximations | |
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| Multistream Approximation (N Arbitrary) | |
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| Matrix Eigensolutions | |
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| Two-Stream Solutions (N = 1) | |
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| Multistream Solutions (N Arbitrary) | |
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| Inhomogeneous Solution | |
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| General Solution | |
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| Source Function and Angular Distributions | |
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| Boundary Conditions-Removal of Ill-Conditioning | |
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| Boundary Conditions | |
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| Removal of Numerical Ill-Conditioning | |
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| Inhomogeneous Multilayered Media | |
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| General Solution-Boundary and Layer Interface Conditions | |
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| Source Functions and Angular Distributions | |
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| Numerical Implementation of the Discrete-Ordinate Method | |
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| Correction of the Truncated Intensity Field | |
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| The Nakajima-Tanaka Correction Procedure | |
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| Computed Intensity Distributions for the Standard Problem | |
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| The Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Problem | |
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| Discretized Equations for the Atmosphere-Ocean System | |
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| Quadrature and General Solution | |
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| Boundary, Continuity, and Atmosphere-Ocean Interface Conditions | |
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| The Doubling-Adding and the Matrix Operator Methods | |
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| Matrix-Exponential Solution-Formal Derivation of Doubling Rules | |
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| Connection between Doubling and Discrete-Ordinate Methods | |
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| Intuitive Derivation of the Doubling Rules-Adding of Dissimilar Layers | |
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| Other Accurate Methods | |
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| The Spherical-Harmonics Method | |
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| Invariant Imbedding | |
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| Iteration Methods | |
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| The Feautrier Method | |
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| Integral Equation Approach | |
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| Monte Carlo Methods | |
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| Summary | |
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| Shortwave Radiative Transfer | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Solar Radiation | |
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| Optical Properties of the Earth-Atmosphere System | |
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| Gaseous Absorption and Penetration Depth | |
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| Optical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols | |
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| Optical Properties of Warm (Liquid Water) Clouds | |
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| Optical Properties of Ice Clouds | |
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| Optical Properties of the Ocean | |
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| Optical Properties of Snow and Ice | |
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| Modeling of Shortwave Radiative Effects in the Atmosphere | |
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| Spectral Averaging Procedure: The Chandrasekhar Mean | |
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| Solar Warming Rates Due to Ozone, Aerosols, and Clouds | |
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| Computation of Photolysis Rates | |
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| UV Transmission: Relation to Ozone Abundance | |
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| UV Transmission and Dose Rates at the Earth's Surface | |
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| Comparison of Measured and Computed UV Irradiance at the Surface | |
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| Modeling of Shortwave Radiation in the Ocean | |
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| Diffuse Radiation: Attenuation in the Ocean | |
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| Two-Stream Model Appropriate for Deep Water | |
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| Backscattering by Ocean Particles: The Role of Shape Factors | |
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| Approximate Expressions for the Remotely Sensed Reflectance | |
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| Modeling the UV Transmission into the Ocean | |
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| Measured and Computed UV Irradiance in the Ocean | |
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| Interaction of Solar Radiation with Snow and Ice | |
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| Summary | |
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| Transmission in Spectrally Complex Media | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Transmission in an Isolated Line | |
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| Isolated Lorentz Line | |
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| Band Models | |
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| The Elsasser Band Model | |
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| Distributed Line Intensities | |
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| Random Band Model | |
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| MODTRAN: A Moderate-Resolution Band Model | |
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| Spectral Mapping Transformations for Homogeneous Media | |
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| Method of the k-Distribution | |
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| k-Distribution for the Malkmus Band Model | |
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| Transmission in Nongray Inhomogeneous Media | |
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| The H-C-G Scaling Approximation | |
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| LBL Transmission Computation: Inhomogeneous Paths | |
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| Inclusion of Multiple Scattering in LBL Computations | |
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| The Correlated-k Method | |
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| Inclusion of Multiple Scattering in the Correlated-k Method | |
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| Summary | |
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| Radiative Transfer in Nongray Media | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Radiative Flux and Heating Rate: Clear-Sky Conditions | |
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| Monochromatic Flux Equations | |
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| Wide-Band Emittance Models | |
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| Narrow-Band Absorption Model | |
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| Band Overlap | |
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| The Diffusivity Approximation | |
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| Equations for the Heating Rate | |
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| Clear-Sky Radiative Cooling: Nonisothermal Medium | |
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| Computations of Terrestrial Cooling Rates | |
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| The IR Radiative Impact of Clouds and Aerosols | |
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| Heating Rate in an Idealized Cloud | |
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| Detailed Longwave Radiative Effects of Clouds | |
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| Accurate Treatment Including Scattering | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Role of Radiation in Climate | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Radiative Equilibrium with Zero Visible Opacity | |
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| Radiative Equilibrium with Finite Visible Opacity | |
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| Radiative-Convective Equilibrium | |
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| The Concept of the Emission Height | |
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| Effects of a Spectral Window | |
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| Radiative Forcing | |
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| Climate Impact of Clouds | |
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| Longwave Effects of Water Clouds | |
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| Shortwave Effects of Water Clouds | |
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| Combined Shortwave and Longwave Effects of Clouds | |
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| Climate Impact of Cloud Height | |
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| Cloud and Aerosol Forcing | |
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| Aerosol Forcing | |
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| Water-Vapor Feedback | |
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| Effects of Carbon Dioxide Changes | |
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| Greenhouse Effect from Individual Gas Species | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Nomenclature: Glossary of Symbols | |
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| Physical Constants | |
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| Model Atmospheres | |
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| Ocean Optics Nomenclature | |
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| Reflectance and Transmittance at an Interface | |
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| Index | |