| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgements | |
| |
| |
| |
| The building blocks of the soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Pioneers of soil science, soil survey and soil geography | |
| |
| |
| Things we hold self-evident... | |
| |
| |
| The framework for this book | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic concepts: soil morphology | |
| |
| |
| Texture | |
| |
| |
| Color | |
| |
| |
| Pores, voids and bulk density | |
| |
| |
| Structure | |
| |
| |
| Consistence | |
| |
| |
| Presentation of soil profile data | |
| |
| |
| Soil micromorphology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic concepts: soil horizonation...the alphabet of soils | |
| |
| |
| Regolith, residuum and the weathering profile | |
| |
| |
| The soil profile, pedon, polypedon and map unit | |
| |
| |
| Soil horizons and the solum | |
| |
| |
| Types of soil horizons | |
| |
| |
| Buried soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic concepts: soil mineralogy | |
| |
| |
| Bonding and crystal structures | |
| |
| |
| Oxides | |
| |
| |
| Chlorides, carbonates, sulfates, sulfides, and phosphates | |
| |
| |
| Silicates | |
| |
| |
| Identification of phyllosilicates by X-ray diffraction | |
| |
| |
| Identification of iron and aluminum oxides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic concepts: soil physics | |
| |
| |
| Soil water retention and energy | |
| |
| |
| Soil water movement | |
| |
| |
| Soil temperature | |
| |
| |
| Soil gas composition and transport | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic concepts: soil organisms | |
| |
| |
| Primary producers | |
| |
| |
| Soil fauna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil classification, mapping and maps | |
| |
| |
| Soil geography, mapping and classification | |
| |
| |
| The system of Soil Taxonomy | |
| |
| |
| The Canadian system of soil classification | |
| |
| |
| Soil mapping and soil maps | |
| |
| |
| Soil landscape analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil genesis: from parent material to soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil parent materials | |
| |
| |
| Effects of parent material on soils | |
| |
| |
| The mutability of time[subscript zero] | |
| |
| |
| A classification of parent materials | |
| |
| |
| Lithologic discontinuities in soil parent materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weathering | |
| |
| |
| Physical weathering | |
| |
| |
| Chemical and biotic weathering | |
| |
| |
| Products of weathering | |
| |
| |
| Controls on physical and chemical weathering | |
| |
| |
| Assessing weathering intensity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pedoturbation | |
| |
| |
| Classifying pedoturbation: proisotropic vs. proanisotropic | |
| |
| |
| Expressions of pedoturbation | |
| |
| |
| Forms of pedoturbation | |
| |
| |
| Lesser-studied forms of pedoturbation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Models and concepts of soil formation | |
| |
| |
| Dokuchaev and Jenny: functional-factorial models | |
| |
| |
| Simonson's process-systems model | |
| |
| |
| Runge's energy model | |
| |
| |
| Johnson's soil thickness model | |
| |
| |
| Johnson and Watson-Stegner's soil evolution model | |
| |
| |
| Phillips' deterministic chaos and uncertainty concepts | |
| |
| |
| Other models | |
| |
| |
| The geologic timescale and paleoclimates as applied to soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil genesis and profile differentiation | |
| |
| |
| Eluviation-illuviation | |
| |
| |
| Process bundles | |
| |
| |
| Surface additions and losses | |
| |
| |
| Mass balance analysis, strain and self-weight collapse | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil geomorphology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil geomorphology and hydrology | |
| |
| |
| The geomorphic surface | |
| |
| |
| Surface morphometry | |
| |
| |
| The catena concept | |
| |
| |
| Soil geomorphology case studies, models and paradigms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil development and surface exposure dating | |
| |
| |
| Stratigraphic terminology, principles and geomorphic surfaces | |
| |
| |
| Numerical dating | |
| |
| |
| Relative dating | |
| |
| |
| Principles of surface exposure dating (SED) | |
| |
| |
| SED methods based on geomorphology, geology and biology | |
| |
| |
| SED methods based on soil development | |
| |
| |
| Chronosequences | |
| |
| |
| Numerical dating techniques applicable to soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soils, paleosols and paleoenvironmental reconstruction | |
| |
| |
| Paleosols and paleopedology | |
| |
| |
| Environmental pedo-signatures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions and Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Index | |