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| List of illustrations | |
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| List of maps | |
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| Lists of tables and figures | |
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| Preface and acknowledgments to the first edition | |
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| Preface and acknowledgments to the second edition | |
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| Publisher's preface | |
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| The Origins of Islamic Civilization: the Middle East from c. 600 to c. 1200 | |
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| Introduction: Middle Eastern societies before the advent of Islam | |
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| Ancient empires | |
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| Religion and society before Islam | |
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| The Preaching of Islam | |
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| Arabia | |
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| Clans and kingdoms | |
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| Poetry and the gods | |
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| The life of the Prophet | |
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| Muhammad in Mecca | |
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| The Medina years | |
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| Triumph and the return to Mecca | |
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| The old world and the new religion | |
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| The Arab-Muslim Imperium (632-945) | |
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| The Arab conquests and the socio-economic bases of empire | |
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| The Arab conquests | |
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| The administration of the new empire | |
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| Economic change and the new urban societies | |
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| Clients, converts, and communities | |
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| The Caliphate | |
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| From nomadic kingdom to Syrian monarchy | |
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| The `Abbasid empire: social revolution and political reaction | |
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| Cosmopolitan Islam: the Islam of the imperial elite | |
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| Art, architecture, and the concept of the Caliphate | |
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| The Arabic humanities | |
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| Persian literature | |
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| Hellenism | |
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| Urban Islam: the Islam of the religious elites | |
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| Sunni scripturalism | |
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| Theology | |
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| Mystics and Sufism | |
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| Shi`i Islam | |
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| Islamic culture and the separation of state and religion | |
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| The fall of the `Abbasid empire | |
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| The decline of the central government | |
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| Provincial autonomy and disintegration | |
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| From Islamic Culture to Islamic Society: Iran and Iraq, 945-c. 1200 | |
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| The post-`Abbasid Middle Eastern state system | |
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| Iraq, Iran, and the eastern provinces | |
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| The Saljuq empire | |
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| The slave states and administration | |
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| The iqta` system and Middle Eastern feudalism | |
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| Local courts and regional cultures: Islam in Persian garb | |
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| Muslim communities and Middle Eastern societies | |
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| The Shi`i communities | |
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| The schools of law and Sunni sectarianism | |
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| Sufi brotherhoods | |
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| Muslim religious movements and the state | |
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| Islamic institutions and a mass Islamic society | |
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| The collective ideal | |
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| The juristic theory | |
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| Mirrors for princes | |
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| The philosopher-king | |
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| The Personal Ethic | |
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| Normative Islam: scripture, Sufism, and theology | |
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| Sufism in the post-`Abbasid era | |
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| Al-Ghazzali: his life | |
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| Al-Ghazzali: his vision | |
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| Rationality and theology | |
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| Alternative Islam: philosophy, gnostic and popular Sufism | |
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| The dialogues within Islam | |
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| Conclusion: The Middle Eastern Islamic paradigm | |
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| The formation of imperial Islamic society | |
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| States and communities in a fragmented Middle East | |
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| Coping with the limits of worldly life | |
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| State and religion in the Islamic paradigm | |
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| The Worldwide Diffusion of Islamic Societies from the Tenth to the Nineteenth Centuries | |
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| Introduction: the Islamic world and the rise of Europe | |
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| Conversion to Islam | |
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| Muslim elites and Islamic communities | |
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| The social structure of Islam | |
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| Muslim states | |
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| Confrontation with Europe | |
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| The Middle Eastern Islamic Societies | |
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| Iran: the Mongol, Timurid, and Safavid empires | |
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| The Mongols | |
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| The Timurids | |
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| Iranian society and Sufi movements | |
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| Safavid Iran | |
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| The conversion of Iran to Shi`ism | |
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| The dissolution of the Safavid empire | |
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| The Turkish migrations and the Ottoman empire | |
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| The migrations and Turkish-Islamic states in Anatolia (1071-1243) | |
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| The rise of the Ottomans (c. 1280-1453) | |
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| The Ottoman world empire | |
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| The Ottoman state | |
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| Rulers and subjects | |
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| The Ottoman economy | |
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| Provincial administration | |
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| The Ottoman empire in disarray | |
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| The Arab Middle East | |
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| Egypt and Syria in the "Caliphal" age | |
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| The Saljuq model: state and religion | |
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| The Ottoman era | |
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| Islamic North Africa and Spain to the nineteenth century | |
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| State formation in the "Caliphal" phase | |
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| Spanish-Islamic civilization | |
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| The tripartite regime: Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from the thirteenth to the nineteenth centuries | |
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| States and Islam: North African variations | |
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| Islam in Central and Southern Asia | |
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| Inner Asia from the Mongol conquests to the nineteenth century | |
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| The western and northern steppes | |
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| Turkestan (Transoxania, Khwarizm, and Farghana) | |
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| Eastern Turkestan and China | |
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| The Indian subcontinent: the Delhi Sultanates and the Mughal empire | |
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| The Muslim conquests and the Delhi Sultanates | |
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| Conversion and the Muslim communities | |
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| The varieties of Indian Islam | |
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| Muslim holy men and political authority | |
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| The Mughal empire | |
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| The decline of the Mughal empire | |
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| The formation of Islamic societies in Southeast Asia | |
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| The diffusion of Islam | |
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| The Portuguese, the Dutch, and the Muslim states | |
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| Islamic societies in Southeast Asia | |
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| The new imperialism | |
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| Islam in Africa | |
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| Islam in Sudanic, savannah, and forest West Africa | |
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| The kingdoms of western and central Sudan | |
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| Merchants and missionaries in the desert, forest, and coastal regions | |
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| The West African jihads | |
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| Islam in East Africa and the rise of European colonial empires | |
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| Sudan | |
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| The coastal cities and Swahili Islam | |
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| Ethiopia and Somalia | |
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| Colonialism and the defeat of Muslim expansion | |
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| Conclusion: the varieties of Islamic society | |
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| The Modern Transformation: Muslim Peoples in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries | |
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| Introduction: modernity and the transformation of Muslim societies | |
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| Islamic modernism | |
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| Islamic reformism | |
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| Nationalism and Islam in the Middle East | |
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| Iran: state and religion in the modern era | |
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| Qajar Iran: the long nineteenth century | |
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| The constitutional crisis | |
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| Twentieth-century Iran: the Pahlavi era | |
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| The `ulama' and the revolution | |
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| The Islamic Republic | |
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| The dissolution of the Ottoman empire and the modernization of Turkey | |
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| The partition of the Ottoman empire | |
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| Ottoman reform | |
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| Republican Turkey | |
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| Egypt: secularism and Islamic modernity | |
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| The nineteenth-century reforming state | |
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| British colonial rule | |
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| The Egyptian awakening: from Islamic modernism to nationalism | |
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| The liberal republic | |
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| The Nasser era | |
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| Sadat and Mubarak | |
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| The Arab Middle East: Arabism, military states, and Islam | |
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| Notables and the rise of Arab nationalism | |
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| Arabism in the colonial period | |
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| The struggle for Arab unity and the contemporary fertile crescent states | |
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| The Palestinian movement and the struggle for Palestine | |
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| The Arabian peninsula | |
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| Arab states, nationalism, and Islam | |
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| North Africa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries | |
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| Algeria | |
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| Tunisia | |
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| Morocco | |
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| Libya | |
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| Islam in state ideologies and opposition movements | |
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| Secularism and Islam in Central and Southern Asia | |
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| The Indian subcontinent: India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh | |
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| Muslim militancy from Plassey to 1857 | |
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| From the Mutiny to World War I | |
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| From cultural to political action | |
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| From elite to mass politics | |
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| The Pakistan movement | |
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| The Muslims of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Islam in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines | |
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| Dutch rule and the capitalist system in the Indies | |
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| Indonesian traditionalism, nationalism, and Islamic reform | |
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| Compromise and competition: 1900-1955 | |
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| Indonesia from 1955 to the present | |
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| British Malaya and independent Malaysia | |
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| The Philippines | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Inner Asia under Russian and Chinese rule; the Caucasus and Afghanistan | |
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| Tsarist rule and Jadid | |
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| The revolutionary era | |
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| Soviet modernization | |
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| Newly independent states in formerly Soviet Inner Asia | |
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| The Caucasus | |
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| Afghanistan | |
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| The Muslims of China | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Islam in Twentieth-Century Africa | |
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| Islam in West Africa | |
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| Colonialism and independence: African states and Islam | |
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| Mauritania | |
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| Senegal | |
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| Nigeria | |
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| The Wahhabis and reformist movements | |
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| Islam in East Africa | |
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| Sudan | |
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| Somalia | |
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| Ethiopia and Eritrea | |
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| Swahili East Africa | |
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| Universal Islam and African diversity | |
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| Islam in the West | |
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| Muslims in Europe and America | |
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| Eastern Europe | |
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| Western Europe | |
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| Immigrant identities in Europe: a broad spectrum of responses | |
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| Muslims in America | |
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| Conclusion: secularized Islam and Islamic revival | |
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| The institutional and cultural features of pre-modern Islamic societies | |
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| The nineteenth- and twentieth-century transformation of Muslim societies | |
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| The Islamic revival | |
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| Contemporary patterns in the relations between states and Islamic societies | |
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| The neo-Islamic states | |
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| Muslims as political minorities | |
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| The role of women in Muslim societies | |
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| Concluding remarks | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |