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Acknowledgements | |
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Introduction | |
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The evolution of stressed vowels | |
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Syllables and word stress in Latin | |
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Stressed vowels: the (almost) pan-Romance seven-vowel system | |
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Special developments in stressed vowels | |
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The three Latin diphthongs | |
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Exercises | |
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Early changes in syllable structure and consonants | |
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Prosthetic vowels | |
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Syncope and new consonant clusters | |
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Merger of /b/ and /w/ | |
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Early consonant losses | |
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In search of Popular Latin speech | |
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Exercises | |
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Consonant weakening and strengthening | |
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Degemination | |
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Lenition | |
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Other consonant weakenings | |
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Fortition | |
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Exercises | |
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New palatal consonants | |
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About palatal articulation | |
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Yods old and new | |
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Yods and the growth of new consonants | |
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Charles and Charlotte | |
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Exercises | |
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More about vowels: raising, yod effects, and nasalization | |
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Vowel raising in Italian | |
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Yod effects in Spanish | |
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Yod effects in French | |
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Nasal vowels in French | |
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Exercises | |
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Verb morphology: the present indicative | |
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Infinitives | |
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Present indicative in Popular versus standard Latin | |
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Present indicative in Italian | |
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Present indicative in Spanish | |
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Present indicative in French | |
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Stem allomorphy in the present indicative | |
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Paradigm leveling | |
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Paradigm disleveling | |
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A stem extender: -sc- | |
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Some truly irregular verbs: be, have, go | |
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Exercises | |
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Verb morphology: systemic reorganization | |
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Map of the Latin verb system | |
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How Romance reorganizes the Latin system | |
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Present indicative and present subjunctive | |
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Imperfect indicative | |
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Perfect indicative: Romance synthetic past | |
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Imperfect subjunctive | |
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Future subjunctive | |
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Future and conditional | |
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A bombshell: the birth of periphrastic perfects | |
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The passive voice | |
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Past participles old and new | |
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Exercises | |
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Noun and adjective morphology | |
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The starting-point Latin noun and adjective morphology | |
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From five to three declension classes | |
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From six to two cases | |
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Romance noun and adjective morphology | |
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The neuter diaspora: from three to two genders | |
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Toward gender marking | |
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Imparisyllabic nouns and adjectives | |
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Romance personal pronouns | |
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Birth of the definite article | |
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Exercises | |
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History and structure of Portuguese: in overview | |
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Stressed vowels: the seven-vowel system | |
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More on stressed vowels- secondary diphthongs | |
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More on stressed vowels: nasalization | |
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Raising effects | |
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Early changes in consonants | |
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Consonant weakening and strengthening | |
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New palatal consonants | |
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Noun and adjective morphology | |
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Verb morphology: infinitives | |
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Verb morphology: present indicative | |
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Paradigm leveling and disleveling | |
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A stem extender: -sc- | |
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Some truly irregular verbs: be, have, go | |
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Verbs: old categories with inherited morphology | |
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Verbs: new periphrastic | |
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Verbs: other new categories | |
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Exercises | |
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History and structure of Romanian: an overview | |
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Romanian vowels: diachrony and synchrony | |
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Syllable structure: conservatism and innovation | |
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Palatal influences on consonants | |
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Other consonant changes | |
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Present indicative and subjunctive | |
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Verb morphology: systemic reorganization | |
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Noun and adjective morphology | |
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Exercises | |
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Formation of the Romance lexicon | |
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Lexical competition and replacement | |
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Exploiting the derivational resources of Latin | |
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Cycles of added and lost meaning | |
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Reanalysis: how the mind remakes words | |
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Loan words | |
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Exercises | |
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Emergence of the Romance vernaculars | |
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Language in the Carolingian world | |
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The earliest Romance texts | |
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Conclusion from dialects to standards | |
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Exercises | |
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Notes | |
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Glossary of linguistic terms | |
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Suggestions for further reading | |
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Works cited | |
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Index | |