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List of figures | |
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List of tables | |
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Preface | |
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Tallying and Counting: Fundamentals | |
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Paleozoological Concepts | |
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Mathematical and Statistical Concepts | |
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Scales of Measurement | |
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Measured and Target Variables: Reliability and Validity | |
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Absolute and Relative Frequencies and Closed Arrays | |
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Discussion | |
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Background of Some Faunal Samples | |
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Estimating Taxonomic Abundances: NISP and MNI | |
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The Number of Identified Specimens (NISP) | |
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Advantages of NISP | |
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Problems with NISP | |
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Problems, Schmoblems | |
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A Problem We Should Worry About | |
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The Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) | |
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Strengths(?) of MNI | |
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Problems with MNI | |
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Aggregation | |
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Defining Aggregates | |
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Discussion | |
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Which Scale of Measurement? | |
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Resolution | |
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Conclusion | |
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Estimating Taxonomic Abundances: Other Methods | |
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Biomass and Meat Weight | |
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Measuring Biomass | |
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Problems with Measuring Biomass (based on MNI) | |
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Solving Some Problems in Biomass Measurement | |
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Measuring Meat Weight | |
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The Weight Method (Skeletal Mass Allometry) | |
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Bone Weight | |
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Bone Size and Animal Size Allometry | |
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Ubiquity | |
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Matching and Pairing | |
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More Pairs Means Fewer Individuals | |
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The Lincoln-Petersen Index | |
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Identifying Bilateral Pairs | |
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Correcting for Various Things | |
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Size | |
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Discussion | |
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Sampling, Recovery, and Sample Size | |
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Sampling to Redundancy | |
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Excavation Amount | |
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NISP as a Measure of Sample Redundancy | |
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Volume Excavated or NISP | |
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The Influences of Recovery Techniques | |
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Hand Picking Specimens by Eye | |
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Screen Mesh Size | |
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To Correct or Not to Correct for Differential Loss | |
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Summary | |
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The Species-Area Relationship | |
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Species-Area Curves Are Not All the Same | |
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Nestedness | |
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Conclusion | |
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Measuring the Taxonomic Structure and Composition ("Diversity") of Faunas | |
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Basic Variables of Structure and Composition | |
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Indices of Structure and Similarity | |
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Taxonomic Richness | |
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Taxonomic Composition | |
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Taxonomic Heterogeneity | |
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Taxonomic Evenness | |
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Discussion | |
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Trends in Taxonomic Abundances | |
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Conclusion | |
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Skeletal Completeness, Frequencies of Skeletal Parts, and Fragmentation | |
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History of the MNE Quantitative Unit | |
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Determination of MNE Values | |
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MNE Is Ordinal Scale at Best | |
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A Digression on Frequencies of Left and Right Elements | |
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Using MNE Values to Measure Skeletal-Part Frequencies | |
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Modeling and Adjusting Skeletal-Part Frequencies | |
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Measuring Skeletal Completeness | |
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A Suggestion | |
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Measuring Fragmentation | |
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Fragmentation Intensity and Extent | |
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The NISP:MNE Ratio | |
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Discussion | |
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Conclusion | |
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Tallying for Taphonomy: Weathering, Burning, Corrosion, and Butchering | |
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Yet Another Quantitative Unit | |
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Weathering | |
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Chemical Corrosion and Mechanical Abrasion | |
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Burning and Charring | |
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A Digression | |
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Gnawing Damage | |
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Butchering Marks | |
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Types of Butchering Damage | |
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Tallying Butchering Evidence: General Comments | |
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Tallying Percussion Damage | |
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Tallying Cut Marks and Cut Marked Specimens | |
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The Surface Area Solution | |
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Discussion | |
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Conclusion | |
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Final Thoughts | |
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Counting as Exploration | |
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Glossary | |
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References | |
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Index | |