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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Argument as reasoned dialogue | |
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| Types of argumentative dialogue | |
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| Components of argumentative dialogue | |
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| Persuasion dialogue (critical discussion) | |
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| Negative rules of persuasion dialogue | |
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| Some major informal fallacies | |
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| The straw man fallacy | |
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| Argument from consequences | |
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| The critical perspective | |
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| Questions and answers in dialogue | |
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| Presuppositions of questions | |
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| Complex questions | |
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| Have you stopped abusing your spouse? | |
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| Disjunctive questions | |
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| Arguments from ignorance | |
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| Replying to a question with a question | |
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| Begging the question | |
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| Questions in polls | |
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| Advocacy and push polling | |
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| Question-answer rules in dialogue | |
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| Criticisms of irrelevance | |
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| Allegations of irrelevance | |
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| Global irrelevance | |
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| Question-answer relevance | |
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| Setting an agenda for a discussion | |
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| Red herring versus wrong conclusion | |
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| Varieties of criticisms of irrelevance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appeals to emotion | |
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| Argumentum ad populum | |
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| The argument from popularity | |
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| Problems with appeals to popularity | |
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| Threatening appeals to force | |
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| Further ad baculum problems | |
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| Appeals to pity | |
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| Overt, pictorial appeals to pity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Valid arguments | |
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| Deductive validity | |
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| Identifying arguments | |
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| Validity as a semantic concept | |
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| Valid forms of argument | |
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| Invalid arguments | |
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| Inconsistency | |
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| Composition and division | |
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| Defeasible reasoning | |
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| Jumping to a conclusion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Personal attack in argumentation | |
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| The abusive ad hominem argument | |
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| The circumstantial ad hominem argument | |
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| The attack on an arguer's impartiality | |
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| Non-fallacious ad hominem arguments | |
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| Replying to a personal attack | |
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| Critical questions for an ad hominem argument | |
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| Important types of error to check | |
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| Some cases for further discussion | |
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| Appeals to authority | |
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| Reasonable appeals to authority | |
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| Argumentation scheme for appeal to expert opinion | |
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| Critical questions for the appeal to expert opinion | |
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| Three common errors in citing expert opinions | |
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| Evaluating appeals to expert opinion in written sources | |
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| Expert testimony in legal argumentation | |
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| How expert is the authority? | |
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| Interpreting what the expert said | |
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| A balanced view of argument from expert opinion | |
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| Inductive errors, bias, and fallacies | |
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| Meaningless and unknowable statistics | |
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| Sampling procedures | |
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| Insufficient and biased statistics | |
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| Questionable questions and definitions | |
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| The post hoc argument | |
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| Six kinds of post hoc errors | |
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| Bias due to defining variables | |
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| Post hoc criticisms as raising critical questions in an inquiry | |
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| Strengthening causal arguments by answering critical questions | |
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| Examples of drawing causal conclusions from scientific studies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Natural language argumentation | |
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| Ambiguity and vagueness | |
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| Loaded terms and question-begging language | |
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| Equivocation and amphiboly | |
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| Arguments based on analogy | |
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| Argumentative use of analogy | |
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| Criticizing arguments from analogy | |
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| Slippery slope arguments | |
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| Subtle equivocations | |
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| Variability of strictness of standards | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |