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| Obscure Beginnings, to 264 B.C. | |
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| Foundations and kingdoms, to ca. 507 B.C. | |
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| Domestic history of the Early Republic, ca. 507 B.C. - ca. 287 B.C. | |
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| Conquest of Latium and Italy, ca. 507 B.C. - 264 B.C. | |
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| Conquest of the Mediterranean, 264 B.C. - 146 B.C. | |
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| Struggle with Carthage, 264 B.C. - 146 B.C. | |
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| Wars in the East, 215 B.C. - 146 B.C. | |
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| Conquest of Spain 218 B.C. - 134 B.C. | |
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| Effects of the conquests on Rome | |
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| Collapse of the Republic, 133 B.C. - 27 B.C. | |
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| Assault on the oligarchy, 133 B.C. - 81 B.C. | |
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| Restored oligarchy, 81 B.C. - 59 B.C. | |
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| Caeser and the end of republican government, 59 B.C. - 44 B.C. | |
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| Conflict of the warlords, 44 B.C. - 27 B.C. | |
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| Politics in the Late Republic | |
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| The Principate, 27 B.C. - A.D. 235 | |
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| Augustus and establishment of the Principate, 31 B.C. - A.D. 14 | |
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| Julio-Claudian Dynasty, A.D. 14 - A.D. 68 | |
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| Civil war and the Flavian Dynasty, A.D. 68 - A.D. 96 | |
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| Pinnacle of the Principate, A.D. 96 - A.D. 192 | |
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| Civil war and the Severan Dynasty, A.D. 193 - A.D. 235 | |
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| Institutions of the Principate | |
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| The Late Empire, A.D. 235 - A.D. 476 | |
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| Militatry and dynastic crisis, A.D. 235 - A.D. 284 | |
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| Rise of Christianity | |
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| Diocletian and the restoration of imperial authority, A.D. 284 - A.D. 305 | |
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| Civil war and the triumph of Constantine and Christianity, A.D. 305 - A.D. 337 | |
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| Heyday of the Christian Empire, A.D. 337 - A.D. 395 | |
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| Demise of the Empire in the West, A.D. 395 - A.D. 476 | |
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| Epilogue: Survival and transformation of the Empire in the East after A.D. 476 | |