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Acknowledgements | |
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MR: What's the attraction? | |
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It's not rocket science, but I like it | |
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A brief history of medical imaging | |
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How to use this book | |
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Further reading | |
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The basic stuff | |
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Early daze: your first week in MR | |
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Introduction | |
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Welcome to the MR unit | |
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Safety first | |
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The patient's journey | |
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Basic clinical protocols | |
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A week in the life of an MRI radiographer | |
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Further reading | |
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Seeing is believing: introduction to image contrast | |
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Introduction | |
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Some basic stuff | |
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T[subscript 1]-weighted images | |
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T[subscript 2]-weighted images | |
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PD-weighted images | |
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GE T[subscript 1]-weighted images | |
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GE T[subscript 2]-weighted images | |
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GE PD-weighted images | |
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STIR images | |
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FLAIR images | |
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Contrast agents | |
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Angiographic images | |
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Further reading | |
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The devil's in the detail: pixels, matrices and slices | |
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Introduction | |
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Digital and analogue images | |
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Matrices, pixels and an introduction to resolution | |
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Slices and orientations | |
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Displaying images | |
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What do the pixels represent? | |
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From 2D to 3D | |
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Further reading | |
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What you set is what you get: basic image optimization | |
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Introduction | |
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Looking on the bright side: what are we trying to optimize? | |
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Trading places: resolution, SNR and scan time | |
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Ever the optimist: practical steps to optimization | |
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Further reading | |
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Improving your image: how to avoid artefacts | |
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Introduction | |
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Keep still please: gross patient motion | |
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Physiological motion | |
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Motion artefacts from flow | |
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Lose the fat! | |
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Partial volume artefact and cross-talk | |
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Phase sampling artefacts | |
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Susceptibility and metal artefacts | |
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Equipment artefacts | |
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What's causing this artefact? | |
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Further reading | |
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7 Spaced out: spatial encoding | |
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Introduction | |
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Anatomy of a pulse sequence | |
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From Larmor to Fourier via gradients | |
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Something to get excited about: the image slice | |
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In-plane localization | |
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Consequences of Fourier imaging | |
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Speeding it up | |
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3D FT | |
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Further reading | |
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Getting in tune: resonance and relaxation | |
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Introduction | |
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Spinning nuclei | |
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Measuring the magnetic moment | |
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Creating echoes | |
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Relaxation times | |
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Relaxation time mechanisms | |
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Measuring relaxation times in vivo | |
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Contrast agent theory | |
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Further reading | |
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Let's talk technical: MR equipment | |
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Introduction | |
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Magnets | |
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Gradients | |
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RF system | |
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Computer systems | |
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Open MRI systems | |
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Siting and installation | |
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Further reading | |
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But is it safe? Bio-effects | |
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Introduction | |
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RF effects | |
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Gradient effects | |
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Static field effects | |
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Further reading | |
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The specialist stuff | |
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Ghosts in the machine: quality control | |
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Introduction | |
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The quality cycle | |
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Signal parameters | |
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Geometric parameters | |
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Relaxation parameters | |
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Artefacts | |
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Spectroscopic QA | |
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Further reading | |
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Acronyms anonymous: a guide to the pulse sequence jungle | |
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Introduction | |
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Getting above the trees: a sequences overview | |
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RARING to go: SE-based techniques | |
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Spoiled for choice: GE | |
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Ultra-fast GE imaging | |
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Pulse sequence conversion chart | |
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Further reading | |
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Go with the flow: MR angiography | |
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Introduction | |
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Effect of flow in conventional imaging techniques | |
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TOF MRA | |
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PC angiography | |
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CE MRA | |
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Novel contrast agents | |
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Further reading | |
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A heart to heart discussion: cardiac MRI | |
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Introduction | |
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Artefact challenges | |
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Morphological imaging | |
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Functional imaging | |
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Cine phase-contrast velocity mapping | |
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Myocardial perfusion imaging | |
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Myocardial viability | |
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Coronary artery imaging | |
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Further reading | |
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It's not just squiggles: in vivo spectroscopy | |
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Introduction | |
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Some basic chemistry | |
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Single-voxel spectroscopy | |
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Processing of single-voxel spectra | |
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Chemical shift imaging | |
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[superscript 31]P spectroscopy | |
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Other nuclei | |
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Hyperpolarized gases | |
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Further reading | |
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To BOLDly go: new frontiers | |
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Introduction | |
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EPI acquisition methods | |
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Diffusion imaging | |
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Perfusion imaging | |
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Brain activation mapping using 341 the BOLD effect | |
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Further reading | |
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The parallel universe: parallel imaging and novel acquisition techniques | |
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Introduction | |
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Groundwork | |
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Making Sense: parallel imaging in image space | |
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SMASH hits: parallel imaging in k-space | |
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k-t Blast | |
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Clinical benefits of parallel imaging | |
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Image quality in parallel imaging | |
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Non-Cartesian acquisition schemes | |
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Epilogue: the final frontier | |
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Further reading | |
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Maths revision | |
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Vectors | |
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Sine and cosine waves | |
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Exponentials | |
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Complex numbers | |
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Simple Fourier analysis | |
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Some useful constants | |
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Index | |