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| List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| A Long-Forgotten Civilization | |
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| A Civilization Rediscovered | |
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| Reconstructing a Long-Forgotten Civilization | |
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| Perspectives on Civilizations | |
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| Theoretical Perspective | |
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| The Indus Civilization: Chronologies of Indus Antecedents, Coalescence, Decline, and Transformations | |
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| Rethinking Perspectives on the Indus Civilization | |
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| Geographical and Environmental Settings | |
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| Factors to Consider in Assessing Differences between Past and Present | |
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| Geography and Climate Today | |
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| Geographical Setting | |
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| Climate | |
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| Climate Change Before, During, and After Peak Periods of Settlement | |
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| The Indus in the Past-Documenting Landscape and River System Dynamics | |
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| The Upper and Lower Indus | |
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| The Ghaggar-Hakra | |
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| The Ganges-Yamuna | |
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| New Solutions and Perspectives on Climate Change | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| From Foraging to Farming and Pastoralism | |
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| From Hunting and Gathering to Farming | |
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| Focus on Mehrgarh-The Choice of a Site and the Establishment of a Chronology | |
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| A First Village (7000-4000 B.C) | |
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| Subsistence | |
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| Architecture | |
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| Burial Patterns | |
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| Material Culture and Technology | |
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| External Contacts | |
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| Summary-Period I/II | |
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| Villages at the Crossroads (4000-3200 B.C.) | |
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| Subsistence | |
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| Architecture | |
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| Burial Patterns | |
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| Material Culture and Technology | |
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| External Contacts | |
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| Summary-Period III | |
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| A Mosaic of Villages and Towns (3200-2500 B.C.) | |
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| Subsistence | |
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| Architecture | |
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| Burial Patterns | |
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| Material Culture and Technology | |
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| External Contacts | |
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| Summary-Period IV/VII | |
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| Settling Down: The Domestication of Plants and Animals, the Development of a Village Farming Community into a Sizable Town, and Expanded Interaction | |
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| An Era of Expansion and Transformation | |
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| An Age of Emerging Polities | |
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| Upper Indus - Harappa Excavations and the Pre-urban Period | |
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| Upper Indus - Ravi Phase | |
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| Upper Indus - Early Harappan/Kot Diji Phase | |
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| Upper Indus Regional Surveys Near Harappa | |
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| The Ghaggar-Hakra - Cholistan Survey | |
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| The Ghaggar - Hakra Plains-Hakra Phase | |
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| Ghaggar-Hakra Plains-Early Harappan/Kot Diji Phase | |
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| Ghaggar-Hakra Settlements in Northwest India | |
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| Expansion of Settlements in the Upper Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra Plains | |
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| The Lower Indus Valley | |
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| Lower Indus Valley - Hakra and Kot Diji Phases | |
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| Lower Indus Valley - Amri Phase | |
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| Expansion of Settlement in the Lower Indus | |
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| Beyond the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra Plains - Baluchistan | |
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| Pre-urban Ecological and Settlement Diversity | |
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| Urbanism and States: Cities, Regions, and Edge Zones | |
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| Indus Cities and States - The First Urban Climax | |
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| Indus Cities | |
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| City Plans and Physical Layouts | |
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| Nonresidential Structures | |
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| PublicWorks | |
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| Walls and Separated Sectors (Neighborhoods) | |
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| City Plans and Physical Layouts Summarized - Nonresidential Structures, Public Works, Walls, and Neighborhoods | |
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| City and Countryside | |
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| The Upper Indus and Beas Regional Surveys near Harappa | |
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| The Ghaggar-Hakra Plain - Cholistan Regional Surveys | |
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| Ghaggar-Hakra Plain - Northwest India | |
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| The Lower Indus Regional Surveys | |
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| Interpreting the Evidence for Indus Cities, City - States, and Regional Surveys | |
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| Urbanism at Its Margins, Gateway Towns and Edge Zones | |
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| Uniformity and Diversity - Cities, Regions and Edge Zones | |
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| Agropastoral and Craft-Producing Economies I - Intensification and Specialization | |
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| Craft Production | |
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| Craft Production and Intensification | |
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| Craft Production and Specialization - Resource Availability and Selection, Technical Skills, and Specialized Production | |
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| Ceramic Production | |
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| Stoneware Bangle Production | |
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| Seal Production | |
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| Intensification and Specialization of Craft Production | |
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| Agropastoral Production | |
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| Agriculture and Intensification | |
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| Specialization of Cropping Patterns and Regional Diversity | |
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| Pastoralism and Intensification | |
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| Pastoralism-Specialization and Regional Diversity | |
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| Continued Use of Wild Plants and Animals - Foraging and Fishing | |
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| Specialization and Intensification of the Agropastoral and Craft-Producing Economy | |
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| Agropastoral and Craft-Producing Economies II - Diversification, Organization of Production, and Distribution | |
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| Diversification and the Organization of Production, Distribution, and Exchange | |
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| Diversified Crafts and the Organization of Graft Production | |
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| Seal Production | |
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| Ceramic Production | |
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| Stoneware Bangle Production | |
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| The Diversification and Organization of Production - Seals, Ceramics, and Stoneware Bangles | |
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| Diversification of Raw Materials and Finished Products - The Organization of Interregional Exchange | |
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| Chert | |
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| Lapis Lazuli | |
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| Carnelian, Chalcedony, Agate, and Jasper | |
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| Limestone | |
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| Precious Metals - Copper, Gold, Lead, Silver, and Tin | |
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| Shell | |
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| Steatite | |
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| Diversification of Craft Production, Organization, and Distribution | |
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| Diversification of Land, Labor, and the Organization of Agropastoral Production | |
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| Diversification of Farming - Multicropping, Plow Agriculture, Crop Processing, Fiber Crops, and Aboriculture | |
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| Diversification of Pastoralism - Specialized Breeds, Food and Fiber, Animal Provisioning, Mobility, and the Organization of Production | |
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| The Organization of Interregional Exchange of Plant and Animal Products | |
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| Agropastoral and Craft-Producing Economies - Intensification, Specialization, Diversification, and the Organization of Production and Distribution | |
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| The Lure of Distant Lands | |
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| The Lure of Distant Lands - Dilmun, Magan, and Meluhha | |
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| Mapping the Third Millennium B.C. | |
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| Indus and Mesopotamian Contact by Sea and Over Land - Texts and Archaeology | |
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| Indus Contact beyond Mesopotamia - By Sea and Over Land | |
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| Indus Contacts along Maritime Routes | |
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| Indus Contacts along Overland Routes | |
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| The Indus and an Interconnected Third - Millennium World | |
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| Landscapes of Order and Difference - The Cultural Construction of Space, Place, and Social Difference | |
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| Landscapes as Community Identity - Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, and Harappa | |
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| Landscapes as Social Order | |
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| Space and Public Works | |
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| Interior Spaces and Social Differences | |
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| Landscapes and Memory | |
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| The R37 Cemetery and Cemetery H at Harappa | |
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| The Cemetery at Kalibangan | |
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| Human Remains at Mohenjo-daro | |
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| Death and Memory in the Indus | |
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| Community Identity, Social Order, and Memory | |
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| Models for Indus Religious Ideologies | |
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| Direct Historical Analogies and the Study of Indus Religion | |
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| Identifying Ceremonial Places | |
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| Terracotta Masks, Figurines, and Narrative Imagery | |
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| New Approaches to Uncovering Indus Ideologies | |
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| Comparative Study of Early Civilizations | |
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| Alternative Visions - Masks and Figurines | |
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| Terracotta Masks | |
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| Terracotta Figurines | |
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| AlternaUve Visions-Seal and Tablet Narrative Imagery | |
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| Themes and Motifs in Indus Narrative Imagery | |
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| Decoding Indus Narrative | |
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| Cross-Cultural Comparisons | |
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| Mesopotamian Seal Imagery | |
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| Iranian Seal Imagery | |
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| Rethinking Indus Religion and World Views. Shared Vocabularies, Modes of Presentation and Systems of Thought | |
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| An Indus Pantheon, Elements of Order, and Conceptions of Power and Hierarchy | |
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| The Decline and Transformation and the Comparative Study of Early States | |
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| The Decline and Transformation of the Indus | |
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| Causes of a General Nature | |
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| Environmental Changes - Climate, Precipitation, and River Courses | |
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| Massacres and Aryan Invasions | |
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| Disruptions and Changes in Intercultural Trade | |
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| Shifting Regional Histories, Transformations, and Decline - Causes of a Local Nature | |
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| Upper Indus (Cemetery H/Late Harappan) | |
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| Lower Indus - Late Harappan and Jhukar Styles | |
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| Post-urban/Late Harappan: The Ghaggar-Hakra (Cholistan and Northwest India) | |
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| Post-urban/Late Harappan - Kutch, Gujarat, and Sorath Harappan | |
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| Borderland Regions - Afghanistan and Baluchistan (West and Southern Margins) | |
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| Collapse, Transition, or Transformation - Culture Traits and Political Structure | |
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| Cycles of Change or Breakdown of Society | |
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| The Indus Civilization in Comparative Perspective | |
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| The Harappan Economy and Society | |
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| Indus Urbanism and City - States | |
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| Notes | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |