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List of Figures and Tables | |
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Glossary of Acronyms, Names, and Ethnic Terms | |
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Preface and Acknowledgments | |
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The Peacebuilding World | |
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The Puzzle of Poor Strategies | |
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Main Argument | |
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Understanding Peacebuilding Failures | |
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Conventional Explanations | |
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The Inadequacy of Conventional Explanations | |
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Understanding How Culture Shapes Action on the Ground | |
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Methodology | |
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Overview of the Book | |
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A Top-Down Problem | |
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From the Top, Down: A Story | |
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The Dominant Framework of Analysis | |
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Brief Historical Context | |
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National Tensions | |
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Regional Combat | |
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Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources | |
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A �Postconflict� Environment | |
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In the Eastern Provinces, a Hobbesian World | |
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The Missing Leviathan | |
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�Local� Means �Criminal� | |
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An Inherently Violent Country | |
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Conclusion | |
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A Top-Down Solution | |
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Three Shared Understandings | |
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An Impossible Mission | |
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A Top-Down Approach | |
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A �Postconflict� Intervention | |
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The Intervention Tools | |
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The Election Fetish | |
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Working �in Constant Crisis Mode� | |
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Beyond Crises: The Standard, Macro Approach | |
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Conclusion | |
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A Bottom-Up Story | |
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Importance of Local Conflict in Modern Congolese History | |
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Attaining Local Citizenship: Power, Land, and Ethnicity Before the Wars of the 1990s | |
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Local Antagonisms and Violence: What the War Changed | |
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Local Patterns of Violence During the Transition | |
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Social, Political, and Economic Agendas | |
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A Closer Look: Local Dimensions of the Rwandan Hutu Militias' Presence | |
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Understanding the Joint Production of Violence during the Transition | |
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North Kivu: Master Cleavages and Local Alliances | |
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South Kivu: Progressively Autonomous Local Agendas | |
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North Katanga: Uncontrolled Militias Rejecting National Control | |
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Ituri: The Primacy of Land | |
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Conclusion: The Need for Local Peacebuilding Programs | |
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The Defeat of Bottom-Up Solutions | |
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A Potential Local Conflict-Resolution Strategy | |
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Contestation and Opportunities for Change | |
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The Limited Attempts of Nongovernmental Organizations | |
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Fleeting Scheme by MONUC | |
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Rare Initiatives by Diplomatic Missions | |
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The Standard Approach of Other International Organizations | |
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The Ituri Case | |
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Understanding the Exceptions | |
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Organizational Subcultures | |
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Shocking Events and Increased Intervention | |
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Understanding Failures | |
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The Defeat of Contestation | |
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The Limited Impact of Shocking Events | |
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Constructing Constraints | |
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Bureaucratic Structures and Available Expertise | |
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Congolese Sovereignty | |
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Mandate �Constraints� | |
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Contextual�Constraints� | |
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A Vicious Circle | |
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Conclusion | |
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Beyond the Congo | |
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Why Did the International Intervention Fail to Help the Congo Build Peace and Democracy? | |
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The Intervention's Meager Results | |
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Was the International Intervention Truly a Failure? | |
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The Drawbacks of the Electoral Tool | |
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Toward a New Understanding of Peacebuilding Failures | |
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Beyond the Congo, Beyond Africa | |
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Achieving Peacebuilding Success: The Need for Bottom-Up Approaches | |
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Top-Down Understanding, Local �Criminality,� and the Normality of Widespread Violence | |
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Top-Down Understanding of the Interveners' Role | |
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Vicious Circles and Shocking Events | |
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Policy Recommendations | |
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Facilitate Cultural Change | |
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Develop Expertise and Bureaucratic Structures for Local Peacebuilding | |
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Work through Local Actors Whenever Possible; Intervene Directly if Necessary | |
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Conceive of Local Peacebuilding as a Part of the Broader Task of Peace- and State-Building | |
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Consider a New Approach to Postconflict Intervention | |
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Conclusion: Transforming the Peacebuilding World | |
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Appendix - Chronology | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |