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| Preface to the 2008 Edition | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Definition, the Argument, and Six Historical Controversies | |
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| Structure | |
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| Early Ethical Contributions to Human Rights | |
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| Religious and Secular Notions of Universalism | |
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| Liberty: The Origins of Tolerance | |
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| Equality: Early Notions of Economic and Social Justice | |
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| How to Promote Justice? | |
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| Fraternity, or Human Rights for Whom? | |
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| Human Rights and the Enlightenment: The Development of a Liberal and Secular Perspective on Human Rights | |
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| From Ancient Civilizations to the Rise of the West | |
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| Freedom of Religion and Opinion | |
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| The Right to Life | |
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| The Right to Private Property | |
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| The State and Just-War Theory | |
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| Human Rights for Whom? | |
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| Human Rights and the Industrial Age: The Development of a Socialist Perspective on Human Rights | |
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| The Industrial Age | |
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| Challenging the Liberal Vision of Rights | |
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| Universal Suffrage, Economic and Social Rights | |
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| Challenging Capitalism and the State | |
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| Human Rights for Whom? | |
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| The World Wars: The Institutionalization of International Rights and the Right to Self-Determination | |
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| The End of Empires | |
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| The Right to Self-Determination | |
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| Institutionalizing Human Rights | |
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| Human Rights for Whom? | |
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| Globalization and Its Impact on Human Rights | |
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| Globalization and Protest Movements | |
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| Defining Rights in the Era of Globalization | |
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| After September 11: Security versus Human Rights | |
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| Human Rights for Whom? | |
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| Promoting Human Rights in the Twenty-first Century: The Changing Arena of Struggle | |
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| Medievalism and the Absence of Civil Society | |
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| The Emergence of Civil Society during the Enlightenment | |
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| The Expansion of Civil Society in the Industrial Age | |
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| The Anti-Colonial Struggle | |
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| The Globalization of Civil Society? Or an Assault on the Private Realm? | |
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| A Chronology of Events and Writings Related to Human Rights | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |