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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Nature and Aims of Archaeology | |
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| The Framework of Archaeology | |
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| The Searchers The History of Archaeology | |
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| The Speculative Phase | |
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| The Beginnings of Modern Archaeology | |
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| Classification and Consolidation | |
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| A Turning Point in Archaeology | |
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| World Archaeology | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Box Features | |
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| Pompeii: Archaeology Past and Present | |
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| The Impact of Evolutionary Thought | |
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| 19th-century Pioneers of North American Archaeology | |
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| The Development of Field Techniques | |
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| Women Pioneers of Archaeology | |
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| Processual Archaeology: Key Concepts | |
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| Interpretive or Postprocessual Archaeologies | |
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| Interpretive Archaeologies at Catalhoyuk | |
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| What is Left? The Variety of the Evidence | |
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| Basic Categories of Archaeological Evidence | |
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| Formation Processes | |
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| Cultural Formation Processes--How People Have Affected What Survives in the Archaeological Record | |
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| Natural Formation Processes--How Nature Affects What Survives in the Archaeological Record | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Box Features | |
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| Experimental Archaeology | |
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| Wet Preservation: The Ozette Site | |
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| Dry Preservation: The Tomb of Tutankhamun | |
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| Cold Preservation 1: The Barrow Site | |
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| Cold Preservation 2: The Iceman | |
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| Where? Survey and Excavation of Sites and Features | |
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| Discovering Archaeological Sites and Features | |
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| Assessing the Layout of Sites and Features | |
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| Excavation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Box Features | |
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| Regional Survey on Melos | |
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| Sampling Strategies | |
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| Archaeological Aerial Reconnaissance | |
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| Teotihuacan Mapping Project | |
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| Surface Investigation at Abu Salabikh | |
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| Underwater Archaeology | |
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| The Red Bay Wreck: Discovery and Excavation | |
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| Geophysical Survey at Roman Wroxeter | |
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| Measuring Magnetism | |
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| Controlled Archaeological Test Site | |
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| When? Dating Methods and Chronology | |
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| Relative Dating | |
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| Stratigraphy | |
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| Typological Sequences | |
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| Linguistic Dating | |
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| Climate and Chronology | |
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| Absolute Dating | |
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| Calendars and Historical Chronologies | |
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| Annual Cycles: Varves and Tree-Rings | |
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| Radioactive Clocks | |
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| Trapped Electron Dating Methods | |
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| Calibrated Relative Methods | |
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| Chronological Correlations | |
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| World Chronology | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Box Features | |
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| The Maya Calendar | |
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| The Principles of Radioactive Decay | |
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| The Publication of Radiocarbon Dates | |
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| How to Calibrate Radiocarbon Dates | |
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| Dating Our African Ancestors | |
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| Dating the Thera Eruption | |
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| Discovering the Variety of Human Experience | |
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| How Were Societies Organized? Social Archaeology | |
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| Establishing the Nature and Scale of the Society | |
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| Further Sources of Information for Social Organization | |
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| Techniques of Study for Mobile Hunter-Gatherer Societies | |
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| Techniques of Study for Segmentary Societies | |
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| Techniques of Study for Chiefdoms and States | |
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| The Archaeology of the Individual and of Identity | |
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| Investigating Gender | |
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| The Molecular Genetics of Social Groups and Lineages | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Box Features | |
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| Settlement Patterns in Mesopotamia | |
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| Ancient Ethnicity and Language | |
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| Space and Density in Hunter-Gatherer Camps | |
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| Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis | |
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| Early Wessex | |
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| Maya Territories | |
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| Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDSCAL) | |
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| Social Analysis at Moundville | |
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| Gender Relations in Early Intermediate Period Peru | |
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| What Was the Environment? Environmental Archaeology | |
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| Investigating Environments on a Global Scale | |
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| Studying the Landscape | |
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| Reconstructing the Plant Environment | |
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| Reconstructing the Animal Environment | |
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| Reconstructing the Human Environment | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Box Features | |
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| Reconstructing Climates from Sea and Ice Cores | |
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| Climatic Cycles: El Nino | |
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| Cave Sediments | |
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| Pollen Analysis | |
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| Elands Bay Cave | |
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| Site Catchment Analysis | |
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| Mapping the Ancient Environment: Cahokia and GIS | |
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| Ancient Gardens at Kuk Swamp | |
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| What Did They Eat? Subsistence and Diet | |
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| What Can Plant Foods Tell Us About Diet? | |
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| Information from Animal Resources | |
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| Investigating Diet, Seasonality, and Domestication from Animal Remains | |
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| How Were Animal Resources Exploited? | |
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| Assessing Diet from Human Remains | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Box Features | |
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| Paleoethnobotany: A Case Study | |
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| Butser Experimental Iron Age Farm | |
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| Investigating the Rise of Farming in Western Asia | |
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| Taphonomy | |
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| Quantifying Animal Bones | |
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| The Study of Animal Teeth | |
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| Bison Drive Sites | |
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| Farming Origins: A Case Study | |
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| Shell Midden Analysis | |
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| How Did They Make and Use Tools? Technology | |
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| Unaltered Materials: Stone | |
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| Other Unaltered Materials | |
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| Synthetic Materials | |
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| Archaeometallurgy | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Box Features | |
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| Artifacts or "Geofacts" at Pedra Furada | |
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| Raising Large Stones | |
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| Refitting and Microwear Studies at the Meer Site | |
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| Woodworking in the Somerset Levels | |
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| Metallographic Examination | |
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| Copper Production in Peru | |
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| Early Steelmaking: An Ethnoarchaeological Experiment | |
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| What Contact Did They Have? Trade and Exchange | |
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| The Study of Interaction | |
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| Discovering the Sources of Traded Goods: Characterization | |
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| The Study of Distribution | |
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| The Study of Production | |
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| The Study of Consumption | |
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| Exchange and Interaction: The Complete System | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Box Features | |
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| Modes of Exchange | |
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| Materials of Prestige Value | |
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| Analysis of Artifact Composition | |
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| Lead Isotope Analysis | |
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| Trend Surface Analysis | |
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| Fall-off Analysis | |
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| Distribution: The Uluburun Wreck | |
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| Production: Greenstone Artifacts in Australia | |
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| Interaction Spheres: Hopewell | |
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| What Did They Think? Cognitive Archaeology, Art, and Religion | |
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| Investigating How Human Symbolizing Faculties Evolved | |
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| Working with Symbols | |
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| From Written Source to Cognitive Map | |
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| Establishing Place: The Location of Memory | |
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| Measuring the World | |
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| Planning: Maps for the Future | |
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| Symbols of Organization and Power | |
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| Symbols for the Other World: The Archaeology of Religion | |
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| Depiction: Art and Representation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Box Features | |
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| Indications of Early Thought | |
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| Paleolithic Cave Art | |
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| Paleolithic Portable Art | |
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| The Megalithic Yard | |
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| Maya Symbols of Power | |
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| Recognizing Cult Activity at Chavin | |
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| Identifying Individual Artists in Ancient Greece | |
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| Conventions of Representation in Egyptian Art | |
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| The Interpretation of Swedish Rock Art: Archaeology as Text | |
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| A Question of Style | |
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| Who Were They? What Were They Like? The Archaeology of People | |
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| Identifying Physical Attributes | |
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| Assessing Human Abilities | |
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| Disease, Deformity, and Death | |
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| Assessing Nutrition | |
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| Population Studies | |
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| Ethnicity and Evolution | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Box Features | |
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| Spitalfields: Determining Biological Age at Death | |
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| How to Reconstruct the Face | |
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| Looking Inside Bodies | |
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| Life and Death Among the Inuit | |
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| Lindow Man: The Body in the Bog | |
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| Genetics and Languages | |
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| Studying the Origins of New World Populations | |
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| Why Did Things Change? Explanation in Archaeology | |
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| Migrationist and Diffusionist Explanations | |
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| The Processual Approach | |
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| The Form of Explanation: General or Particular | |
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| Attempts at Explanation: One Cause or Several? | |
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| Postprocessual or Interpretive Explanation | |
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| Cognitive-Processual Archaeology | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Box Features | |
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| Diffusionist Explanation Rejected: Great Zimbabwe | |
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| Language Families and Language Change | |
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| Molecular Genetics and Population Dynamics: Europe | |
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| The Origins of Farming: A Processual Explanation | |
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| Marxist Archaeology: Key Features | |
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| Origins of the State 1: Peru | |
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| Origins of the State 2: The Aegean | |
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| The Classic Maya Collapse | |
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| Explaining the European Megaliths | |
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| The Individual as an Agent of Change | |
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| The World of Archaeology | |
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| Archaeology in Action Four Case Studies | |
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| The Oaxaca Projects: The Origins and Rise of the Zapotec State | |
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| Research Among Hunter-Gatherers: Kakadu National Park, Australia | |
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| Khok Phanom Di: The Origins of Rice Farming in Southeast Asia | |
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| York and the Public Presentation of Archaeology | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Whose Past? Archaeology and the Public | |
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| The Meaning of the Past: The Archaeology of Identity | |
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| Who Owns the Past? | |
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| The Uses of the Past | |
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| Conservation and Destruction | |
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| Who Interprets and Presents the Past? | |
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| Archaeology and Public Understanding | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Box Features | |
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| The Politics of Destruction 1: The Bridge at Mostar | |
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| The Politics of Destruction 2: The Mosque at Ayodyha | |
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| Applied Archaeology: Farming in Peru | |
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| The Practice of CRM in the United States | |
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| Conservation: The Great Temple of the Aztecs in Mexico City | |
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| Destruction and Response: Mimbres | |
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| "Collectors Are the Real Looters" | |
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| Archaeology and the Internet | |
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| Archaeology at the Fringe | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Notes and Bibliography | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Index | |