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| Preface | |
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| A Guide to Writing About Literature | |
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| Reading and Writing about Literature | |
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| Reading Literature | |
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| Previewing | |
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| Highlighting | |
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| Checklist: Using Highlighting Symbols | |
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| Maya Angelou, My Arkansas | |
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| Annotating | |
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| Writing about Literature | |
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| Planning an Essay | |
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| Drafting an Essay | |
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| Revising and Editing an Essay | |
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| Checklist: Using Sources | |
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| Checklist: Conventions of Writing about Literature | |
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| Three Model Student Papers | |
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| Student Paper: "The Secret Lion": Everything Changes | |
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| Student Paper: Digging for Memories | |
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| Student Paper: Desperate Measures: Acts of Defiance in Trifles | |
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| Writing Literary Arguments | |
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| Planning a Literary Argument | |
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| Choosing a Debatable Topic | |
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| Developing an Argumentative Thesis | |
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| Defining Your Terms | |
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| Considering Your Audience | |
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| Refuting Opposing Arguments | |
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| Using Evidence Effectively | |
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| Supporting Your Literary Argument | |
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| Establishing Credibility | |
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| Being Fair | |
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| Using Visuals as Evidence | |
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| Organizing a Literary Argument | |
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| Writing a Literary Argument | |
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| Student Paper: The Politics of "Everyday Use" | |
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| Documenting Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism | |
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| Avoiding Plagiarism | |
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| Document All Material That Requires Documentation | |
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| Enclose Borrowed Words in Quotation Marks | |
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| Do Not Imitate a Source's Syntax and Phrasing | |
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| Differentiate Your Words from Those of Your Source | |
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| Checklist: Plagiarism and Internet Sources | |
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| Documenting Sources | |
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| Parenthetical References in the Text | |
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| Checklist: Guidelines for Punctuating Parenthetical References | |
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| The Works-Cited List | |
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| Content Notes | |
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| Fiction | |
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| Understanding Fiction | |
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| Origins of Modern Fiction | |
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| The History of the Novel | |
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| The History of the Short Story | |
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| Defining the Short Story | |
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| Hills Like White Elephants | |
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| Recognizing Kinds of Fiction | |
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| Fiction Sampler: The Short-Short | |
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| Snow | |
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| Jinx | |
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| The Plot | |
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| Accident | |
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| Love and Other Catastrophes: A Mix Tape | |
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| Girl | |
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| Prue | |
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| Buffalo Soldiers | |
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| 55 Miles to the Gas Pump | |
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| Plot | |
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| Conflict | |
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| Stages of Plot | |
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| Order and Sequence | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Plot | |
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| Graphic Fiction: Ben Katchor, Goner Pillow Company | |
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| The Story of an Hour | |
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| Kansas | |
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| A Rose for Emily | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Plot | |
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| Character | |
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| Round and Flat Characters | |
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| Dynamic and Static Characters | |
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| Motivation | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Character | |
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| Graphic Fiction: Art Spiegelman, Eye Ball | |
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| Miss Brill | |
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| Gryphon | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Character | |
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| Setting | |
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| Historical Setting | |
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| Geographical Setting | |
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| Physical Setting | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Setting | |
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| Graphic Fiction: Marjane Satrapi, from Persepolis | |
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| The Storm | |
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| This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona | |
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| I Stand Here Ironing | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Setting | |
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| Point of View | |
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| First-Person Narrators | |
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| Unreliable Narrators | |
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| Third-Person Narrators | |
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| Omniscient Narrators | |
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| Limited Omniscient Narrators | |
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| Objective Narrators | |
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| Selecting an Appropriate Point of View | |
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| Checklist: Selecting an Appropriate Point of View: Review | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Point of View | |
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| Graphic Fiction: Shaun Tan, from The Arrival | |
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| Big Black Good Man | |
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| The Cask of Amontillado | |
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| Barn Burning | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Point of View | |
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| Style, Tone, and Language | |
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| Style and Tone | |
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| The Uses of Language | |
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| Formal and Informal Diction | |
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| Imagery | |
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| Figures of Speech | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Style, Tone, and Language | |
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| Graphic Fiction: R. Crumb, A Hunger Artist | |
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| Araby | |
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| A Good Man Is Hard to Find | |
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| The Things They Carried | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Style, Tone, and Language | |
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| Symbol, Allegory, and Myth | |
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| Symbol | |
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| Literary Symbols | |
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| Recognizing Symbols | |
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| Allegory | |
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| Myth | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, and Myth | |
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| Graphic Fiction: Alison Bechdel, from Fun Home | |
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| The Lottery | |
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| Everyday Use | |
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| Cathedral | |
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| Young Goodman Brown | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Symbol, Allegory, and Myth | |
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| Theme | |
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| Interpreting Themes | |
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| Identifying Themes | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Theme | |
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| Graphic Fiction: Lynda Barry, Two Questions | |
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| A Worn Path | |
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| Doe Season | |
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| The Rocking-Horse Winner | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Theme | |
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| Fiction for Further Reading | |
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| Happy Endings | |
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| Greasy Lake | |
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| Sister Godzilla | |
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| A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings | |
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| The Yellow Wallpaper | |
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| Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? | |
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| Everything That Rises Must Converge | |
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| The Tell-Tale Heart | |
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| The Secret Lion | |
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| Two Kinds | |
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| Poetry | |
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| Understanding Poetry | |
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| Poetry | |
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| Poetry | |
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| Origins of Modern Poetry | |
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| Defining Poetry | |
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| That time of year thou mayst in me behold | |
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| E. E. Cummings, l(a | |
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| Recognizing Kinds of Poetry | |
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| Narrative Poetry | |
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| Lyric Poetry | |
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| Poetry Sampler: Poetry and Art | |
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| Sonnet in Primary Colors | |
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| C?zanne's Ports | |
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| Monet's "Waterlilies" | |
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| Girl Powdering Her Neck | |
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| The Tall Figures of Giacometti | |
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| The Dance | |
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| The Fun Gallery | |
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| Voice | |
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| I'm nobody! Who are you? | |
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| The Speaker in the Poem | |
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| Gretel in Darkness | |
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| My Grandmother Would Rock Quietly and Hum | |
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| Negro | |
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| My Last Duchess | |
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| Further Reading: The Speaker in the Poem | |
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| Where Mountain Lion Lay Down with Deer | |
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| Suicide Note | |
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| The Tone of the Poem | |
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| Fire and Ice | |
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| The Man He Killed | |
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| Patterns | |
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| Further Reading: The Tone of the Poem | |
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| Try to Praise the Mutilated World | |
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| The World Is Too Much with Us | |
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| To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time | |
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| Irony | |
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| Porphyria's Lover | |
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| Ozymandias | |
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| Hope | |
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| Further Reading: Irony | |
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| The Unknown Citizen | |
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| Ballad of Birmingham | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Voice | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Voice | |
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| Word Choice, Word Order | |
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| Words, Words, Words | |
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| Word Choice | |
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| When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer | |
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| For the Grave of Daniel Boone | |
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| Further Reading: Word Choice | |
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| Bilingual/Bilingue | |
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| Living in Sin | |
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| E. E. Cummings, in Just- | |
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| ABC | |
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| Levels of Diction | |
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| The City Planners | |
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| Baca Grande | |
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| Further Reading: Levels of Diction | |
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| Sears Life | |
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| The Value of Education | |
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| We Real Cool | |
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| What shall I give my children? | |
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| Word Order | |
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| One day I wrote her name upon the strand | |
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| anyone lived in a pretty how town | |
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| Further Reading: Word Order | |
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| To an Athlete Dying Young | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Word Choice and Word Order | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Word Choice, Word Order | |
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| Imagery | |
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| Cloud Painter | |
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| Red Wheelbarrow | |
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| In a Station of the Metro | |
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| Some Good Things to Be Said for the Iron Age | |
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| The Meal | |
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| The Great Figure | |
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| Further Reading: Imagery | |
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| Nothing Gold Can Stay | |
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| My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Imagery | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Imagery | |
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| Figures of Speech | |
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| Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? | |
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| Simile, Metaphor, and Personification | |
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| Harlem | |
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| Constantly Risking Absurdity | |
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| Rooming houses are old women | |
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| Further Reading: Simile, Metaphor, and Personification | |
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| Oh, my love is like a red, red rose | |
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| Simile | |
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| Metaphors | |
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| Mind | |
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| The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner | |
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| The Secretary Chant | |
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| A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning | |
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| Hyperbole and Understatement | |
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| Daddy | |
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| Holes Commence Falling | |
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| Further Reading: Hyperbole and Understatement | |
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| To My Dear and Loving Husband | |
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| To His Coy Mistress | |
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| "Out, Out--" | |
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| you fit into me | |
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| Metonymy and Synecdoche | |
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| To Lucasta Going to the Wars | |
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| Apostrophe | |
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| On Passing thru Morgantown, Pa | |
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| Further Reading: Apostrophe | |
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| Ode to a Nightingale | |
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| A Supermarket in California | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Figures of Speech | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Figures of Speech | |
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| Sound | |
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| Had I the Choice | |
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| Rhythm | |
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| Sadie and Maud | |
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| Meter | |
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| I like to see it lap the Miles-- | |
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| Further Reading: Rhythm and Meter | |
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| Aunt Jennifer's Tigers | |
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| Alliteration and Assonance | |
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| The Eagle | |
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| Delight in Disorder | |
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| Rhyme | |
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| The Lama | |
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| In Trackless Woods | |
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| Further Reading: Alliteration, Assonance, and Rhyme | |
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| Pied Beauty | |
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| As I Walked Out One Evening | |
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| Blackberry Eating | |
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| Lighthouse Keeping | |
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| Jabberwocky | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Sound | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Sound | |
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| Form | |
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| On the Sonnet | |
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| Sonnet | |
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| Closed Form | |
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| Blank Verse | |
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| Stanza | |
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| The Sonnet | |
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| When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes | |
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| Further Reading: The Sonnet | |
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| On First Looking into Chapman's Homer | |
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| Explaining an Affinity for Bats | |
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| First Fight | |
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| Then Fiddle | |
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| The Sestina | |
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| Nani | |
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| Further Reading: The Sestina | |
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| Sestina | |
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| The Villanelle | |
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| The Waking | |
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| The Epigram | |
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| Further Reading: The Epigram | |
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| What Is an Epigram? | |
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| Her Whole Life Is an Epigram | |
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| Why I Went to College | |
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| Haiku | |
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| Further Reading: Haiku | |
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| Four Haiku | |
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| After Basho | |
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| American Haiku | |
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| Open Form | |
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| Chicago | |
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| the sky was can dy | |
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| Further Reading: Open Form | |
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| from "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking" | |
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| Spring and All | |
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| The Colonel | |
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| Immigrants | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Form | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Form | |
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| Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, Myth | |
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| The Sick Rose | |
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| Symbol | |
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| For Once, Then, Something | |
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| Volcanoes be in Sicily | |
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| Further Reading: Symbol | |
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| The Raven | |
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| Allegory | |
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| Uphill | |
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| Further Reading: Allegory | |
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| Diving into the Wreck | |
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| Allusion | |
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| Future Plans | |
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| Dreams of Suicide | |
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| Further Reading: Allusion | |
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| Post-Colonial Studies | |
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| Myth | |
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| Yet Do I Marvel | |
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| Further Reading: Myth | |
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| Leda and the Swan | |
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| Mus?e des Beaux Arts | |
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| Journey of the Magi | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, Myth | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, Myth | |
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| Discovering Themes in Poetry | |
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| The Argument of His Book | |
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| Poems about Parents | |
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| My Papa's Waltz | |
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| Those Winter Sundays | |
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| Working Late | |
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| The courage that my mother had | |
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| Digging | |
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| Photograph of my Father in His Twenty-Second Year | |
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| The Night Before Good-bye | |
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| Do not go gentle into that good night | |
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| Poems about Nature | |
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| I wandered lonely as a cloud | |
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| Sleeping in the Forest | |
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| The Windhover | |
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| Birches | |
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| Traveling through the Dark | |
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| Fog | |
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| Morning Song | |
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| Poems about Love | |
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| Meeting at Night | |
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| Parting at Morning | |
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| How Do I Love Thee? | |
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| What Lips My Lips Have Kissed | |
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| General Review of the Sex Situation | |
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| Monologue for Selah Bringing Sleep to Whylah Falls | |
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| Poems about War | |
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| The Soldier | |
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| Dulce et Decorum Est | |
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| For the Union Dead | |
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| What Were They Like? | |
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| Facing It | |
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| The Horses | |
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| The End and the Beginning | |
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| Poetry for Further Reading | |
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| Defending Walt Whitman | |
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| Papi Working | |
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| Africa | |
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| Bonny Barbara Allan | |
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| Go Down Moses | |
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| Western Wind | |
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| Dover Beach | |
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| The Fish | |
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| One Art | |
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| The Lamb | |
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| To see a World in a Grain of Sand | |
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| The Tyger | |
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| The Author to Her Book | |
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| Medgar Evers | |
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| Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty | |
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| There is a garden in her face | |
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| Kubla Khan | |
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| Introduction to Poetry | |
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| Buffalo Bill's | |
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| next to of course god america I | |
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| Because I could not stop for Death-- | |
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| "Faith" is a fine invention | |
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| I heard a Fly buzz--when I died-- | |
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| Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God | |
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| Death Be Not Proud | |
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| The Flea | |
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| We Wear the Mask | |
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| The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock | |
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| Indian Boarding School: The Runaways | |
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| Mending Wall | |
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| The Road Not Taken | |
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| Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening | |
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| The Man with Night Sweats | |
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| The Convergence of the Twain | |
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| Mid-Term Break | |
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| God's Grandeur | |
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| Theme for English B. Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers | |
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| Where I Sit Writing My Letter | |
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| La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad | |
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| Ode on a Grecian Urn | |
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| When I Have Fears | |
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| Selecting a Reader | |
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| The Explosion | |
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| Learning Geography, 1943 | |
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| And in 2005 | |
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| Ars Poetica | |
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| The Passionate Shepherd to His Love | |
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| If We Must Die | |
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| Page from the Koran | |
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| Interpretation of a Poem by Frost | |
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| The United Fruit Co | |
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| The One Girl at the Boys' Party | |
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| Barbie Doll | |
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| Shirt | |
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| Mirror | |
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| The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd | |
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| Naming of Parts | |
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| Richard Cory | |
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| right on: white america | |
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| Let me not to the marriage of true minds | |
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| Not marble, nor the gilded monuments | |
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| Ode to the West Wind | |
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| Old Soldier | |
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| Anecdote of the Jar | |
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| The Emperor of Ice-Cream | |
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| The English Canon | |
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| Ulysses | |
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| Fern Hill | |
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| Earth Tremors Felt in Missouri | |
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| On Being Brought from Africa to America | |
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| A Noiseless Patient Spider | |
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| from "Song of Myself" | |
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| London, 1802 | |
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| My heart leaps up when I behold | |
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| Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop | |
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| The Lake Isle of Innisfree | |
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| Sailing to Byzantium | |
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| The Second Coming | |
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| Drama | |
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| Understanding Drama | |
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| Origins of Modern Drama | |
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| The Ancient Greek Theater | |
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| The Elizabethan Theater | |
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| The Modern Theater | |
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| A Note on Translations | |
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| Reading Drama | |
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| Anton Chekhov, The Brute | |
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| Drama Sampler: Ten-Minute Plays | |
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| Workout | |
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| Beauty | |
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| Tape | |
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| Poker! | |
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| Plot | |
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| Plot Structure | |
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| Plot and Subplot | |
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| Plot Development | |
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| Flashbacks | |
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| Foreshadowing | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Plot | |
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| Nine Ten | |
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| Trifles | |
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| A Doll House | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Plot | |
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| Character | |
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| Characters' Words | |
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| Formal and Informal Language | |
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| Plain and Elaborate Language | |
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| Tone | |
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| Irony | |
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| Characters' Actions | |
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| Stage Directions | |
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| Actors' Interpretations | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Character | |
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| The Stronger | |
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| Death of a Salesman | |
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| Hamlet | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Character | |
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| Staging | |
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| Stage Directions | |
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| The Uses of Staging | |
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| Costumes | |
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| Props and Furnishings | |
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| Scenery and Lighting | |
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| Music and Sound Effects | |
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| A Final Note | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Staging | |
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| Words, Words, Words | |
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| Sophocles, Oedipus the King | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Staging | |
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| Theme | |
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| Titles | |
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| Conflicts | |
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| Dialogue | |
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| Characters | |
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| Staging | |
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| A Final Note | |
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| Checklist: Writing about Theme | |
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| Fences | |
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| The Glass Menagerie | |
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| Writing Suggestions: Theme | |
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| Credits | |
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| Index of First Lines of Poetry | |
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| Index of Authors and Titles | |
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| Index of Literary Terms | |