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| Introduction: Bioethics, Schiavo, and Cultural Politics Bioethics Ethics | |
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| Normative Ethics | |
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| Metaethics | |
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| Making Sense of Moral Conflict | |
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| Issues | |
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| Adversaries | |
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| About this Book Cases and Controversies | |
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| Reproductive Flashpoints | |
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| Refusal Legislation | |
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| Canada's Terri Sciavo | |
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| References | |
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| Sacred and Secular Foundations | |
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| Introduction: Two Enduring Traditions | |
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| Medieval Religion and Enlightenment Science Welcome to "Technopia" the Medieval Church Augustine and Aquinas the Authority of the Bible | |
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| The Biblical Account of Creation | |
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| Human Nature | |
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| The Relationship and the Covenant | |
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| The Problem of Evil | |
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| The Augustinian Theodicy | |
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| The Doctrines of the Fall and Depravity Moral Failure and Illness | |
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| Bi-level Conception of Sin | |
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| Medicine and the Supernatural | |
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| Illness as Salvific | |
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| Role of Government and Law | |
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| Enlightenment Science | |
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| Scientific Method | |
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| Rene Descartes | |
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| The Emergent Scientific Medicine | |
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| Mechanism | |
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| Implications For Religion | |
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| Deism | |
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| Anthropic Mechanism | |
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| Personhood as Consciousness | |
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| The Problem of Evil | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| What Doctors Think about Religion and Health | |
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| Faith Flags: Office Proselytizing | |
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| Criticism of Science and Its Method | |
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| The Life and Death of Jane Tomlinson | |
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| References | |
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| Religious and Secular Ethics | |
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| Divine Command Theory | |
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| Scriptural Basis | |
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| Natural Law | |
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| The Doctrine of Double Effect | |
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| Secular Natural Law | |
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| John Locke | |
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| Legal and Moral Rights | |
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| Social Contract Theory | |
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| Kant's Thought and Ethics | |
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| Philosophy's "Copernican Revolution." God, Morality, and the Problem of Evil | |
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| Moral Choice | |
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| The Categorical Imperative | |
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| Social Interests | |
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| Moral Rights | |
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| Utilitarianism | |
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| Utility Principle | |
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| Moral Rights and The Harm Principle | |
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| Social Interests | |
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| Preference Satisfaction | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| The Jodie and Mary Twin Tragedy | |
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| Life vs. Law | |
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| Crossing the Border To Sell Blood | |
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| Is Vaccinating Part of the Social Contract | |
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| References | |
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| Origins and Context of Bioethics | |
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| Introduction: TRIUMPH OF SECULARISM | |
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| The Birth of Bioethics | |
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| The Emergent Patient Consciousness | |
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| The New Frontier of Medicine | |
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| Advances in Reproductive Technologies | |
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| New Technology and Treatments | |
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| Scientific Research | |
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| Court Decisions | |
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| Law at the Beginning of Life | |
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| Law at the End of Life | |
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| The Pioneers | |
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| The Theologians | |
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| The Philosophers | |
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| Points of Difference | |
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| Common Ground | |
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| Utility and Autonomy | |
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| Faith in Rationality | |
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| A National Religious Identity | |
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| The "Jeffersonian Compromise." | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| The Tuskegee Study | |
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| The Death of Karen Ann Quinlan | |
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| Surrogate Mother Elizabeth Kane | |
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| References | |
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| The Basic Principles of Bioethics | |
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| Hippocratic Paternalism | |
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| The Belmont Principles | |
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| Autonomy | |
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| Religious and Secular Appeal | |
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| Implied Moral Requirements: Freedom and Protection | |
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| Moral Limits | |
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| Nonmaleficence | |
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| Beneficence | |
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| Justice | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| Drugs, Devices, and Disclosure | |
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| Medical Workers Involved in C.I.A. Interrogations | |
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| The Steven Jobs Liver Transplant | |
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| References | |
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| Applications | |
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| A Patient's Bill of Rights | |
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| Truthtelling | |
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| Informed Consent | |
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| Deliberation | |
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| Voluntariness | |
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| Kinds of Informed Consent | |
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| Participation in Medical Research | |
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| Advance Directives | |
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| Privacy and Confidentiality | |
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| DNA: The Genetic Fingerprint | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| The Merenstein Case of Informed Consent | |
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| Jaffee v. Redmond (1996): Safeguarding Patient Communication | |
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| Jesse Gelsinger: The First Gene Therapy Death | |
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| References | |
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| Beyond Principilism I: Patient Autonomy under Attack | |
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| Feeling Betrayed by Principilism | |
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| Autonomy as Impoverishing Bioethics | |
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| Autonomy as Disallowing Conscientious Objection | |
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| Autonomy as Overriding Professional Judgment | |
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| Suggested Off-Setting Principles | |
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| The Ecological Principle | |
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| The Vital Institution Principle | |
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| The Theonomy Principle | |
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| The Participated Theonomy Principle | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| When Plan B Doesn't Work | |
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| Guarded about Gardasil | |
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| Benitez v. North Coast Women's Care Medical Group | |
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| References | |
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| Beyond Principilism II: Alternative Perspectives | |
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| Theory of Virtue | |
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| Feminist Ethics of Care | |
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| Justice | |
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| Care | |
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| The Emergence of Feminist Bioethics | |
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| Existential and Spiritual Dimensions of Illness | |
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| Narratives | |
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| Narrative Theology and Ethics | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| Forever Small: The Ashley | |
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| Treatment: Dax Cowart: Burn Victim Wants To Die | |
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| Gatekeepers Without Empathy | |
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| References | |
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| Issues at the Beginning of Life | |
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| Introduction: Headlines in Reproductive Medicine | |
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| References | |
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| Conceptual Issues in Abortion and Reproductive Technology | |
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| Banning Abortion in South Dakota | |
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| Developmental Sequence of Human Life | |
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| First Trimester | |
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| Second Trimester | |
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| Third Trimester | |
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| The Ontological Status of the Unborn | |
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| The Meaning of Human Life | |
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| The Meaning of Personhood | |
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| When the Ontological Status is Attained | |
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| Hominization and Ensoulment | |
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| The Moral Status of the Unborn | |
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| Religious Views | |
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| Secular Views | |
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| Scientific Views about when Life Begins | |
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| Genetic | |
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| Embryological | |
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| Neurological | |
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| Additional Views | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| The Language of Embryology | |
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| Is Commander Data a Person | |
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| Fetal Life and Personhood | |
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| References | |
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| The Abortion Debate I: The Lead-up to Roe | |
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| The Murder of Dr. George Tiller | |
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| A Brief History | |
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| Life Matters Most: The Conservative Religious View | |
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| Religious Natural Law and The Principle of Double Effect | |
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| Scriptural Teachings | |
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| The Mobilization of Pro-Choice Consciousness | |
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| Philosophical Analyses of Abortion | |
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| Religious Social Teaching and Activism | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| Sherri Finkbine and the Thalidomide Tragedy | |
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| Griswold v Connecticut (1965) | |
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| The Pre-Roe "Bad Old Days." | |
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| References | |
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| The Abortion Debate II: Roe and Beyond | |
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| Choice Matters Most: The Roe Decision | |
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| The Religious Liberty Principle | |
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| Privacy | |
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| Roe and Cultural Conflict | |
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| Current Religious Sentiment | |
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| Choice Under Attack | |
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| The "Culture of Life." The Creation of the "Fetal Citizen." | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| Gonzales v. Carhart (2007) | |
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| The South Dakota Script | |
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| Redefining Pregnancy | |
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| References | |
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| The Assisted Reproduction Debate I: Principled Considerations | |
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| Test Tube Babies | |
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| Assisted Reproductive Technology | |
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| Surrogacy | |
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| Ethical Debates | |
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| Rights | |
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| Procreative Liberty | |
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| Life | |
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| Respect for Human Life | |
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| Unity of Marriage, Sex, and Reproduction | |
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| Religious Views | |
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| Secular Views | |
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| Gender Liberation and Self-Determination | |
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| CAses and Controversies | |
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| Dahl v. Angle: Who "Owns" Frozen Embryos | |
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| What To Do with Frozen Embryos | |
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| Love, Sex, and Marriage | |
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| References | |
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| The Assisted Reproduction Debate II: Empirical Considerations | |
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| The Commerce of Reproduction | |
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| Questions of Lineage | |
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| Religious Considerations | |
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| Legal Considerations | |
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| The Meaning of Family and the Well-Being of Offspring | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| Baby M: First Surrogacy | |
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| Jacob v. Shultz-Jacob: Three Adults with Parental Rights | |
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| Wanted: A Few Good Sperm for Choice Mothers | |
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| References | |
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| The Prenatal Testing Debate I: Embryo Screening | |
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| The Boy in the Plastic Bubble | |
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| Medical Uses of Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis | |
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| Having Healthy Children | |
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| Creating Compatible Donors | |
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| Generating Embryonic Stem Cells | |
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| The Ethical Debate | |
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| Embryo Creation and Destruction | |
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| Trait Selection | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act | |
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| The Genetic Matchmaker | |
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| Growing a Baby with a Disorder | |
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| References | |
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| The Pre-Natal Testing Debate II: Sex Selection | |
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| Proper Use of Technology | |
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| Pre- vs Post-Conception Technology | |
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| Sexism | |
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| Sex Ratios in Local Populations | |
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| Commodification of Reproduction | |
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| Consumer Eugenics | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| Genetic Risks: To Disclose or Not To Disclose | |
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| Made-to-order Babies | |
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| Slouching Toward Gattaca | |
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| References | |
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| The Stem Cell Debate I: Background and Terminology | |
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| Loosening the Stem Cell Binds | |
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| Embryonic and Non-Embryonic Stem Cells | |
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| Differentiation | |
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| Lines | |
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| Obtaining Stem Cells | |
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| Preimplantation or Spare Embryos | |
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| Created Embryos | |
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| Cloning | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| The Pernkopf Anatomy | |
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| Irreconcilable Differences | |
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| The Missyplicity Project | |
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| The Stem Cell Debate II: The Ethics of the Science | |
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| Personal Ethics | |
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| Research Ethics | |
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| Destruction of the Early Embryo | |
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| Spare vs. Created Embryos | |
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| Alternatives to Embryo Destruction | |
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| Social Ethics | |
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| Disruption of Traditional Understanding | |
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| Threats to Social Justice | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| Cloning and Cultural Conflict | |
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| NIH ESC Guidelines | |
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| Frozen Embryos: The Personal Decision Behind the Public Controversy | |
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| References | |
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| Issues at the End of Life | |
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| Introduction: JACK'S BACK | |
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| References | |
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| Definition and Criteria of Death | |
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| DCD and the Death of Ruben Navarro | |
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| Traditional Heart-Lung Definition | |
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| Whole-Brain Definition | |
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| Challenges to the Whole-Brain Formulation | |
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| The Biological vs. Psycho-Social Debate: Organisms vs. Persons | |
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| Death of an Organism: A Biological Perspective | |
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| Death of the Person: A Psychosocial Perspective | |
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| Lingering Questions about Brain Death | |
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| Definition or Permission | |
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| Help or Harm | |
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| Event or Process | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| Terry Wallis: The Man Who Woke Up After Nineteen Years | |
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| Baby Theresa | |
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| In the conservatorship of Wendland | |
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| References | |
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| Conceptual Issues in Suicide and Euthanasia | |
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| The Assisted Death of Piergiorgio Welby | |
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| Suicide: The Problem of Definition | |
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| Self-Sacrificial Deaths | |
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| Coerced Deaths | |
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| Euthanasia | |
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| Definition: Narrow and Broad Interpretations | |
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| Killing vs. Allowing To Die | |
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| Voluntary and Nonvoluntary Decisions | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| Pope John Paul II: Life-Sustaining Treatments and Vegetative State | |
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| The Boston Declaration on Assisted Dying | |
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| Barney Clark's Key | |
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| References | |
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| Suicide in the West: A Brief History | |
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| The Suicide of Isadore Millstone | |
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| Suicide as an Offense to God, Neighbor, Self: Plato and Aristotle | |
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| Suicide as a Rational Act: The Stoics | |
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| Suicide as a Sinful Act: Augustine and Aquinas | |
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| Suicide as a Benefit to Self and Others: Hume | |
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| On Suicide | |
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| Suicide as a Violation of Moral Responsibility: Kant | |
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| The Argument from Free Will | |
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| The Argument from Human Nature | |
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| The Argument from Autonomy | |
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| The Argument from Divine Will | |
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| Suicide as a Social Utility: Bentham and Mill conclusions | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| The "Rational" Suicide of Carolyn Heilbrun | |
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| Final Exit Network | |
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| The Suicide of Garrett Hardin | |
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| References | |
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| The Assisted Death Debate I: Individual Morality | |
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| The Assisted Death of Velma Howard | |
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| Principles | |
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| Utility/Happiness | |
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| Respect for Persons | |
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| Divine Command | |
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| Virtue | |
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| Roles and Professions | |
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| Feminist Ethics | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| The Coup de Grace | |
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| Hurricane Katrina: Mercy Killing When Disaster Strikes | |
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| Does Responsible Care Include Assisted Dying | |
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| References | |
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| The Assisted Death Debate II: Social Policy and Law | |
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| The Final Campaign of Booth Gardner | |
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| Individual Rights | |
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| Human Rights | |
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| Welfare Rights | |
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| Equality | |
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| Disparate Impact | |
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| The General Welfare | |
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| State Paternalism | |
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| Self-Regarding vs. Other Regarding Virtues and Vices | |
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| The Case for Indirect Harm | |
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| The Case against Indirect Harm | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| Oregon's Death with Dignity Act | |
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| Dying and the War on Drugs | |
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| Baxter v. Montana | |
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| The "Euthanasia Underground." | |
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| References | |
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| Rationing Health Care at the End of Life | |
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| The Death of Barbara Wagner | |
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| Rationing | |
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| The High Cost of End-Of-Life Care | |
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| Arguments for Age-Based Rationing | |
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| Arguments Against Age-Based Rationing | |
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| Rationing by Medical Futility | |
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| Arguments for a Judgment of Futility | |
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| Professionalism | |
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| Responsible Stewardship | |
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| Arguments Against a Judgment of Futility | |
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| No Consensus about the Definition of Futility | |
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| Uncertain Prognoses/Mistaken Diagnoses | |
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| Social Contract | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| The Case of Helga Wanglie | |
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| Gilgunn-Massachusetts General Hospital | |
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| The Death of Toddler Emilio Gonzales | |
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| References | |
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| Conclusion Bioethics, Religion, and Liberal Democracy | |
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| Religious vs. Secular Bioethics | |
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| Liberal Democracy and its Preconditions | |
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| Human Beings as Capable of Self-Government | |
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| Separation of Theology from Politics | |
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| Rethinking The "Jeffersonian Compromise." | |
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| Unprovable First Principles | |
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| Double Standard | |
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| No Common Ground for Dialogue | |
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| Religon in Public Bioethics | |
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| Cases and Controversies | |
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| The Battle Over Bioethics | |
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| References | |
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| Bioethics Across Cultures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Religion and HIV/AIDS in Africa | |
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| Islam's View of the Body and Suffering | |
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| Buddhism, Health, and Disease | |
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| Islamic Science | |
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| Spain Extends Rights to Apes | |
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| Bentham in Bhutan | |
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| Globalization of Clinical Research | |
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| Africa Still Waiting for "The Sanitary Revolution." | |
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| Cross-Cultural Care | |
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| Transcultural Human Rights | |
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| Traditional Medicine for the Hmong | |
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| East Asian Autonomy | |
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| A Japanese Woman with Aggressive Leukemia | |
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| A Slow Dying in Nigeria | |
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| Baseball's Genetic Testing in Latin America | |
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| Unmarried and Pregnant in Saudi Arabia | |
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| Egyptian Doctor's Honesty Backfires | |
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| Global Violence Against Women | |
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| Buddhist Virtue | |
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| Bioethics in the 21st Century | |
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| Buddhism, Personhood, and Abortion | |
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| Islamic Understanding of Fetal Development | |
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| Jewish Beliefs About Personhood | |
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| A Young Muslim Woman with a Complicated Pregnancy | |
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| Abortions in Kenya | |
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| Early Induction in Ontario | |
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| Abortion Around the World | |
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| Outrage in Brazil | |
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| Mexico Legislates Personhood | |
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| Sunni and Shiva View of Reproductive Technology | |
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| ARTs and Women in India | |
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| Wombs for Rent in India | |
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| Dead Men To Father Children in Israel and England | |
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| Biotechnology in China | |
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| Eugenics Around the World | |
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| Chinese Bias for Baby Boys | |
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| Clinics' Pitch to Indian?migr?s | |
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| Japanese Create Fatherless Mouse with Three Mothers | |
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| ESC Research in Iran | |
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| Embryonic Cell Research Worldwide | |
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| Human-Animal Hybrid in Britain | |
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| Japan's Organ Transplantation Law | |
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| A Cross-Cultural Perspective of Brain Death | |
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| "Compassionate Murder" in Canada | |
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| Suicide Tourists | |
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| Field of Tears in South Korea | |
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| Al-Qaida and Suicide Terrorism | |
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| The Groningen Protocol | |
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| Englaro Case Tears Italy Apart | |
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| World Legal Opinion on Assisted Death | |
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| YouTube Plea from Australia | |
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| QALY in the UK | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Cross-Cultural, International Bioethics | |