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| Preface | |
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| Good and Bad Reasoning | |
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| Reasoning and Arguments | |
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| Exposition and Argument | |
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| Cogent Reasoning | |
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| Two Basic Kinds of Valid Argument | |
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| Some Wrong Ideas about Cogent Reasoning | |
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| Background Beliefs | |
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| Kinds of Background Beliefs | |
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| Worldviews or Philosophies | |
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| Insufficiently Grounded Beliefs | |
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| Two Vital Kinds of Background Beliefs | |
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| Science to the Rescue | |
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| Summary of Chapter 1 | |
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| More on Deduction and Induction | |
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| Deductive Validity | |
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| Deductive Invalidity | |
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| Syllogisms | |
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| Indirect Proofs | |
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| Tautologies, Contradictions, and Contingent Statements | |
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| Inductive Validity (Correctness) and Invalidity (Incorrectness) | |
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| A Misconception about Deduction and Induction | |
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| Reasoning Cogently Versus Being Right in Fact | |
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| Summary of Chapter 2 | |
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| Fallacious Reasoning-1 | |
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| Appeal to Authority | |
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| Inconsistency | |
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| Straw Man | |
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| False Dilemma and the Either-Or Fallacy | |
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| Begging the Question | |
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| Questionable Premise-Questionable Statement | |
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| Suppressed (Overlooked) Evidence | |
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| Tokenism | |
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| Summary of Chapter 3 | |
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| Fallacious Reasoning-2 | |
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| Ad Hominem Argument | |
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| Two Wrongs Make a Right | |
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| Irrelevant Reason (Non Sequitur) | |
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| Equivocation | |
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| Appeal to Ignorance | |
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| Composition and Division | |
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| Slippery Slope | |
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| Summary of Chapter 4 | |
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| Fallacious Reasoning-3 | |
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| Hasty Conclusion | |
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| Small Sample | |
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| Unrepresentative Sample | |
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| Questionable Cause | |
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| Questionable Analogy | |
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| Questionable Statistics | |
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| Questionable Uses of Good Statistics | |
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| Polls: An Important Special Case | |
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| False Charge of Fallacy | |
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| Summary of Chapter 5 | |
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| Psychological Impediments to Cogent Reasoning: Shooting Ourselves in the Foot | |
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| Loyalty, Provincialism, and the Herd Instinct | |
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| Prejudice, Stereotypes, Scapegoats, and Partisan Mind-Sets | |
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| Superstitious Beliefs | |
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| Wishful Thinking and Self-Deception | |
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| Rationalization and Procrastination | |
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| Other Defense Mechanisms | |
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| The Benefits of Self-Deception, Wishful Thinking, and Denial | |
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| The Pull of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal | |
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| Lack of a Good Sense of Proportion | |
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| Summary of Chapter 6 | |
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| Language | |
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| Cognitive and Emotive Meanings | |
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| Emotive Meanings and Persuasive Uses of Language | |
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| Other Common Rhetorical Devices | |
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| Language Manipulators | |
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| Language Revision | |
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| Summary of Chapter 7 | |
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| Evaluating Extended Arguments | |
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| The Basic Tasks of Essay Evaluation | |
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| The Margin Note and Summary Method | |
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| Extended Evaluation of an Argument | |
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| Dealing with Value Claims | |
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| Evaluating Ironic Works | |
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| Summary of Chapter 8 | |
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| Writing Cogent (and Persuasive) Essays | |
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| The Writing Process | |
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| Preparing to Write | |
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| Writing the Essay | |
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| Supporting Reasons Effectively | |
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| Summary of Chapter 9 | |
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| Advertising: Selling the Product | |
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| Promise and Identification Advertisements | |
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| Things to Watch Out for in Advertisements | |
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| The Upside of Ads | |
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| Marketing Strategies | |
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| Political Advertising | |
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| Summary of Chapter 10 | |
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| Managing the News | |
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| The Media and the Power of Money | |
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| News-Gathering Methods Are Designed to Save Money | |
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| Misdirection and Lack of Proportion | |
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| News Reporting: Theory and Practice | |
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| Devices Used to Slant the News | |
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| Television, Film, and Electronic Information Sources | |
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| The Non-Mass Media to the Rescue | |
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| Recent Developments | |
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| Summary of Chapter 11 | |
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| Textbooks: Managing Worldviews | |
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| High School History Textbooks | |
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| Social Studies (Civics) Textbooks Minimize the Great Gulf between Theory and Practice | |
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| Textbooks and Indoctrination | |
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| Textbooks and Politics | |
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| Censorship | |
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| Textbooks Fail to Give Students Genuine Understanding | |
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| Postscript on College Texts | |
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| Summary of Chapter 12 | |
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| More on Cause and Effect | |
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| Scientific Method | |
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| Calculating Probabilities and Fair Odds | |
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| Answers to Starred Exercise Items | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Indexes | |
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| Credits | |