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Geotechnical Properties of Soil | |
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Introduction | |
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Grain-Size Distribution | |
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Size Limits for Soils | |
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Weight-Volume Relationships | |
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Relative Density | |
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Atterberg Limits | |
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Liquidity Index | |
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Activity | |
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Soil Classification Systems | |
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Hydraulic Conductivity | |
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Steady-State Seepage | |
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Effective Stress | |
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Consolidation | |
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Calculation of Primary Consolidation Settlement | |
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Time Rate of Consolidation | |
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Degree of Consolidation Under Ramp Loading | |
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Shear Strength | |
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Unconfined Compression Test Comments on Friction Angle, f'.Correlations for Undrained Shear Strength, cu | |
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Sensitivity | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Natural Soil Deposits and Subsoil Exploration | |
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Introduction | |
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Natural Soil Deposits: Soil Origin | |
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Residual Soil | |
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Gravity Transported Soil | |
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Alluvial Deposits | |
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Lacustrine Deposits | |
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Glacial Deposits | |
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Aeolian Soil Deposits | |
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Organic Soil | |
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Some Local Terms for Soils | |
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Subsurface Exploration: Purpose of Subsurface Exploration | |
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Subsurface Exploration Program | |
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Exploratory Borings in the Field | |
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Procedures for Sampling Soil | |
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Split-Spoon Sampling | |
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Sampling with a Scrapper Bucket | |
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Sampling with Thin-Walled Table | |
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Sampling with a Piston Sampler | |
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Observation of Water Tables | |
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Vane Shear Test Cone Penetration Test Pressuremeter Test (PMT) | |
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Dilatometer Test Coring of Rocks | |
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Preparation of Boring Logs | |
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Geophysical Exploration | |
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Subsoil Exploration Report | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Shallow Foundations: Ultimate Bearing Capacity | |
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Introduction | |
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General Concept | |
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Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Theory | |
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Factor of Safety | |
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Modification of Bearing Capacity Equations for Water Table | |
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The General Bearing Capacity Equation | |
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Case Studies on Ultimate Bearing Capacity | |
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Effect of Soil Compressibility | |
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Eccentrically Loaded Foundations | |
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Ultimate Bearing Capacity under Eccentric Loading - One-Way Eccentricity | |
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Bearing Capacity with Two-Way Eccentricity | |
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Bearing Capacity of a Continuous Foundation Subjected to Eccentric Inclined Loading | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations: Special Cases | |
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Introduction | |
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Foundation Supported by a Soil with a Rigid Base at Shallow Depth | |
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Bearing Capacity of Layered Soils: Stronger Soil Underlain by Weaker Soil | |
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Bearing Capacity of Layered Soil: Weaker Soil Underlain by Stronger Soil | |
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Closely Spaced Foundations - Effect on Ultimate Bearing Capacity | |
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Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Top of a Slope | |
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Seismic Bearing Capacity of Foundation at the Edge of Granular Soil Slope | |
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Bearing Capacity of Foundations on a Slope | |
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Foundations on a Rock | |
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Uplift Capacity Foundations | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement | |
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Introduction | |
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Vertical Stress Increase in a Soil Mass Caused by Foundation Load: Stress Due to a Concentrated Load | |
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Stress Due to a Circularly Loaded Area | |
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Stress Below a Rectangular Area | |
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Average Vertical Stress Increase Due to a Rectangularly Loaded Area | |
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Stress Increase under an Embankment | |
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Westergaard's Solution for Vertical Stress Due to a Point Load | |
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Stress Distribution for Westergaard Material | |
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Elastic Settlement: Elastic Settlement of Foundations on Saturated Clay | |
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Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity | |
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Improved Equation for Elastic Settlement | |
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Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor | |
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Settlement of Foundation on Sand Based on Standard Penetration Resistance | |
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Settlement in Granular Soil Based on Pressuremeter Test (PMT) | |
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Consolidation Settlement: Primary Consolidation Settlement Relationships | |
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Three-Dimensional Effect on Primary Consolidation Settlement | |
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Settlement Due to Secondary Consolidation | |
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Field Load Test Presumptive Bearing Capacity | |
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Tolerable Settlement of Buildings | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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MAT Foundations | |
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Introduction | |
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Combined Footings | |
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Common Types of Mat Foundations | |
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Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations | |
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Differential Settlement of Mats | |
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Field Settlement Observations for Mat Foundations | |
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Compensated Foundation | |
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Structural Design of Mat Foundations | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Lateral Earth Pressure | |
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Introduction | |
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Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest Active Pressure: Rankine Active Earth Pressure | |
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A Generalized Case for Rankine Active Pressure | |
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Coulomb's Active Earth Pressure | |
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Active Earth Pressure Due to Surcharge | |
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Active Earth Pressure for Earthquake Conditions | |
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Active Pressure for Wall Rotation about the Top: Braced Cut | |
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Active Earth Pressure for Translation of Retaining Wall - Granular Backfill | |
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Passive Pressure: Rankine Passive Earth Pressure | |
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Rankine Passive Earth Pressure: Vertical Backfill and Inclined Backfill | |
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Coulomb's Passive Earth Pressure | |
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Comments on the Failure Surface Assumption for Coulomb's Pressure Calculations | |
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Passive Pressure Under Earthquake Conditions | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Retaining Walls | |
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Introduction | |
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Gravity and Cantilever Walls: Proportioning Retaining Walls | |
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Application of Lateral Earth Pressure Theories to Design | |
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Stability of Retaining Walls | |
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Check for Overturning | |
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Check for Sliding along the Base | |
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Check for Bearing Capacity Failure | |
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Construction Joints and Drainage from Backfill | |
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Gravity Retaining Wall Design for Earthquake Conditions | |
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Some Comments and a Case Study on Design of Retaining Walls | |
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Mechanically Stabilized Retaining Walls: Soil Reinforcement | |
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Considerations in Soil Reinforcement | |
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General Design Considerations | |
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Retaining Walls with Metallic Strip Reinforcement | |
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Step-by-Step-Design Procedure Using Metallic Strip Reinforcement | |
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Retaining Walls with Geotextile Reinforcement | |
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Retaining Walls with Geogrid Reinforcement - General | |
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Design Procedure for Geogrid - Reinforced Retaining Wall | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Sheet Pile Walls | |
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Introduction | |
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Construction Methods | |
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Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls | |
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Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils | |
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Special Cases for Cantilever Walls Penetrating a Sandy Soil | |
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Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Clay | |
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Special Cases for Cantilever Walls Penetrating Clay | |
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Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls | |
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Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Sandy Soil | |
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Design Charts for Free Earth Support Method (Penetration into Sandy Soil) | |
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Moment Reduction for Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls | |
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Computational Pressure Diagram Method for Penetration into Sandy Soil | |
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Fixed Earth Support Method for Penetration into Sandy Soil | |
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Field Observations for Anchored Sheet Pile Wall | |
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Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Clay | |
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Anchors | |
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Holding Capacity of Anchor Plates in Sand | |
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Holding Capacity of Anchor Plates in Clay (f = 0 Condition) | |
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Ultimate Resistance of Tiebacks | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Braced Cuts | |
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Introduction | |
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Pressure Envelope for Braced-Cut Design | |
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Pressure Envelope for Cuts in Layered Soil | |
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Design of Various Components of a Braced Cut | |
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Case Studies for Braced Cuts | |
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Bottom Heave of a Cut in Clay | |
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Stability of the Bottom of a Cut in Sand | |
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Lateral Yielding of Sheet Piles and Ground Settlement | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Pile Foundations | |
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Introduction | |
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Types of Piles and Their Structural Characteristics | |
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Estimating Pile Length | |
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Installation of Piles | |
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Load Transfer Mechanism | |
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Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity | |
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Meyerhof's Method for Estimating Qp | |
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Vesic's Method for Estimating Qp | |
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Coyle and Castello's Method for Estimating Qp in Sand | |
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Correlations for Calculating Qp with SPT and CPT Results | |
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Frictional Resistance(Qp) in Sand | |
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Frictional (Skin) Resistance in Clay | |
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Point-Bearing Capacity of Piles Resting on Rock | |
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Pile Load Tests | |
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Elastic Settlement of Piles | |
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Laterally Loaded Piles | |
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Pile-Driving Formulas | |
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Pile Capacity for Vibration-Driven Piles | |
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Negative Skin Friction | |
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Group Piles: Group Efficiency | |
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Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay | |
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Elastic Settlement of Group Piles | |
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Consolidation Settlement of Group Piles | |
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Piles in Rock | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Drilled-Shaft Foundations | |
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Introduction | |
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Types of Drilled Shafts | |
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Construction Procedures | |
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Other Design Considerations | |
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Load Transfer Mechanism | |
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Estimation of Load-Bearing Capacity | |
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Drilled Shafts in Granular Soil: Load-Bearing Capacity | |
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Load-Bearing Capacity Based on Settlement | |
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Drilled Shafts in Clay: Load-Bearing Capacity | |
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Load-Bearing Capacity Based on Settlement | |
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Settlement of Drilled Shafts at Working Load | |
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Lateral Load-Carrying Capacity - Characteristic Load and Moment Method | |
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Drilled Shafts Extending into Rock | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Foundations on Difficult Soils | |
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Introduction | |
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Collapsible Soil: Definition and Types of Collapsible Soil | |
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Physical Parameters for Identification | |
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Procedure for Calculating Collapse Settlement | |
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Foundation Design in Soils Not Susceptible to Wetting | |
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Foundation Design in Soils Susceptible to Wetting | |
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Expansive Soils: General Nature of Expansive Soils | |
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Unrestrained Swell Test Swelling Pressure Test Classification of Expansive Soil on the Basis of Index Tests | |
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Foundation Considerations for Expansive Soils | |
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Construction on Expansive Soils | |
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Sanitary Landfills: General Nature of Sanitary Landfills | |
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Settlement of Sanitary Landfills | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Soil Improvement and Group Modification | |
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Introduction | |
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General Principles of Compaction | |
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Field Compaction | |
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Compaction Control for Clay Hydraulic Barriers | |
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Vibroflotation | |
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Blasting | |
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Precompression | |
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Sand Drains | |
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Prefabricated Vertical Drains | |
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Lime Stabilization | |
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Cement Stabilization | |
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Fly-Ash Stabilization | |
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Stone Columns | |
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Sand Compaction Piles | |
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Dynamic Compaction | |
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Jet Grouting | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Answers to Selected Problems | |