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| Introduction | |
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| Statistics and the Scientific Method | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Why Study Statistics? Some Current Applications of Statistics | |
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| A Note to the Student | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Collecting Data | |
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| Using Surveys and Scientific Studies to Collect Data | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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| Observational Studies | |
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| Sampling Designs for Surveys | |
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| Experimental Studies | |
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| Designs for Experimental Studies | |
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| Research Study: Exit Polls versus Election Results | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Summarizing Data | |
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| Data Description | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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| Calculators, Computers, and Software Systems | |
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| Describing Data on a Single Variable: Graphical Methods | |
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| Describing Data on a Single Variable: Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Describing Data on a Single Variable: Measures of Variability | |
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| The Boxplot | |
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| Summarizing Data from More Than One Variable: Graphs and Correlation | |
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| Research Study: Controlling for Student Background in the Assessment of Teaching | |
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| Summary and Key Formulas | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Probability And Probability Distributions | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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| Finding the Probability of an Event | |
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| Basic Event Relations and Probability Laws | |
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| Conditional Probability and Independence | |
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| Bayes' Formula | |
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| Variables: Discrete and Continuous | |
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| Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables | |
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| Two Discrete Random Variables: The Binomial and the Poisson | |
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| Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables | |
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| A Continuous Probability Distribution: The Normal Distribution | |
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| Random Sampling | |
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| Sampling Distributions | |
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| Normal Approximation to the Binomial | |
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| Evaluating Whether or Not a Population Distribution Is Normal | |
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| Research Study: Inferences about Performance Enhancing Drugs among Athletes | |
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| Minitab Instructions | |
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| Summary and Key Formulas | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Analyzing Data, Interpreting the Analyses, and Communicating Results | |
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| Inferences about Population Central Values | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of a Research Study | |
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| Estimation of ? | |
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| Choosing the Sample Size for Estimating ? | |
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| A Statistical Test for ? | |
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| Choosing the Sample Size for ? | |
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| The Level of Significance of a Statistical Test | |
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| Inferences about ? for a Normal Population, s Unknown | |
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| Inferences about ? when Population in Nonnormal and n is small: Bootstrap Methods | |
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| Inferences about the Median | |
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| Research Study: Percent Calories from Fat | |
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| Summary and Key Formulas | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Inferences Comparing Two Population Central Values | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of a Research Study | |
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| Inferences about ?1 - ?2: Independent Samples | |
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| A Nonparametric Alternative: The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test | |
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| Inferences about ?1 - ?2: Paired Data | |
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| A Nonparametric Alternative: The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test | |
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| Choosing Sample Sizes for Inferences about ?1 - ?2 | |
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| Research Study: Effects of Oil Spill on Plant Growth | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Inferences about Population Variances | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of a Research Study | |
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| Estimation and Tests for a Population Variance | |
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| Estimation and Tests for Comparing Two Population Variances | |
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| Tests for Comparing t > 2 Population Variances | |
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| Research Study: Evaluation of Methods for Detecting E. coli | |
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| Summary and Key Formulas | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Inferences About More Than Two Population Central Values Introduction and Abstract of a Research Study | |
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| A Statistical Test About More Than Two Population Means: An Analysis of Variance | |
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| The Model for Observations in a Completely Randomized Design | |
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| Checking on the AOV Conditions | |
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| An Alternative Analysis: Transformations of the Data | |
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| A Nonparametric Alternative: The Kruskal-Wallis Test | |
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| Research Study: Effect on Timing on the Treatment of Port-Wine Stains with Lasers | |
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| Summary and Key Formulas | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Multiple Comparisons | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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| Linear Contrasts | |
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| Which Error Rate Is Controlled? Fisher's Least Significant Difference | |
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| Tukey's W Procedure | |
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| Student-Neuman-Keuls Procedure | |
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| Dunnett's Procedure: Comparison of Treatments to a Control | |
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| Scheff?'s S Method | |
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| A Nonparametric Multiple-Comparison Procedure | |
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| Research Study: Are Interviewers' Decisions Affected by Different Handicap Types? Summary and Key Formulas | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Categorical Data | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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| Inferences about a Population Proportion p | |
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| Inferences about the Difference between Two Population Proportions, p1 - p2 | |
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| Inferences about Several Proportions: Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test | |
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| Tests for Independence and Homogeneity | |
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| Measuring Strength of Relaxation | |
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| Odds and Odd Ratios | |
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| Combining Sets of 2 X 2 Contingency Tables (optional) | |
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| Research Study: Does Gender Bias Exist in the Selection of Students for Vocational Education? Summary and Key Formulas | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Analyzing Data: Regression Methods and Model Building | |
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| Linear Regression and Correlation | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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| Estimating Model Parameters | |
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| Inferences about Regression Parameters | |
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| Predicting New y Values Using Regression | |
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| Examining Lack of Fit in Linear Regression | |
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| The Inverse Regression Problem (Calibration) | |
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| Correlation | |
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| Research Study: Two Methods for Detecting E. coli | |
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| Summary and Key Formulas | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Multiple Regression and the General Linear Model | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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| The General Linear Model | |
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| Estimating Multiple Regression Coefficients | |
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| Inferences in Multiple Regression | |
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| Testing a Subset of Regression Coefficients | |
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| Forecasting Using Multiple Regression | |
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| Comparing the Slopes of Several Regression Lines | |
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| Logistic Regression | |
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| Some Multiple Regression Theory (Optional) | |
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| Research Study: Designing an Electric Drill | |
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| Summary and Key Formulas | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further Regression Topics | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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| Selecting the Variables (Step 1) | |
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| Formulating the Model (Step 2) | |
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| Checking Model Assumptions (Step 3) | |
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| Research Study: Construction Costs for Nuclear Power Plants | |
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| Summary and Key Formulas | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Design of Experiments and Analysis of Variance | |
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| Analysis of Variance for Completely Randomized Designs | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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| Completely Randomized Design with Single Factor | |
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| Factorial Treatment Structure | |
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| Factorial Treatment Structures with an Unequal Number of Replications | |
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| Estimation of Treatment Differences and Comparisons of Treatment Means | |
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| Determining the Number of Replications | |
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| Research Study: Development of a Low-Fat Processed Meat | |
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| Summary and Key Formulas | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Analysis of Variance for Blocked Designs | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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| Randomized Complete Block Design | |
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| Latin Square Design | |
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| Factorial Treatment Structure in a Randomized Complete Block Design | |
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| A Nonparametric Alternative--Friedman's Test | |
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| Research Study: Control of Leatherjackets | |
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| Summary and Key Formulas | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Analysis of Covariance | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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| A Completely Randomized Design with One Covariate | |
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| The Extrapolation Problem | |
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| Multiple Covariates and More Complicated Designs | |
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| Research Study: Evaluations of Cool-Season Grasses for Putting Greens | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Analysis of Variance for Some Fixed-, Random-, and Mixed-Effects Models | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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| A One-Factor Experiment with Random Treatment Effects | |
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| Extensions of Random-Effects Models | |
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| Mixed-Effects Models | |
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| Rules for Obtaining Expecting Mean Squares | |
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| Nested Factors | |
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| Research Study: Factors Affecting Pressure Drops Across Expansion Joints | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Split-Plot, Repeated Measures, and Crossover Designs | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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| Split-Plot Designs | |
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| Single-Factor Experiments with Repeated Measures on One of the Factors | |
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| Two-Factor Experiments with Repeated Measures on One of the Factors | |
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| Crossover Design | |
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| Research Study: Effects of Oil Spill on Plant Growth | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Analysis of Variance for Some Unbalanced Designs | |
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| Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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| A Randomized Block Design with One or More Missing Observations | |
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| A Latin Square Design with Missing Data | |
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| Balanced Incomplete Block (BIB) Designs | |
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| Research Study: Evaluation of the Consistency of Property Assessment | |
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| Summary and Key Formulas | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Communicating and Documenting the Results of Analyses | |
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| Communicating and Documenting the Results of a Study or Experiment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Difficulty of Good Communication | |
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| Communication Hurdles: Graphical Distortions | |
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| Communication Hurdles: Biased Samples | |
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| Communication Hurdles: Sample Size | |
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| The Statistical Report | |
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| Documentation and Storage of Results | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |