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Introduction | |
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Statistics and the Scientific Method | |
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Introduction | |
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Why Study Statistics? Some Current Applications of Statistics | |
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A Note to the Student | |
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Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Collecting Data | |
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Using Surveys and Scientific Studies to Collect Data | |
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Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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Observational Studies | |
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Sampling Designs for Surveys | |
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Experimental Studies | |
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Designs for Experimental Studies | |
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Research Study: Exit Polls versus Election Results | |
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Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Summarizing Data | |
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Data Description | |
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Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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Calculators, Computers, and Software Systems | |
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Describing Data on a Single Variable: Graphical Methods | |
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Describing Data on a Single Variable: Measures of Central Tendency | |
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Describing Data on a Single Variable: Measures of Variability | |
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The Boxplot | |
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Summarizing Data from More Than One Variable: Graphs and Correlation | |
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Research Study: Controlling for Student Background in the Assessment of Teaching | |
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Summary and Key Formulas | |
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Exercises | |
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Probability And Probability Distributions | |
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Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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Finding the Probability of an Event | |
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Basic Event Relations and Probability Laws | |
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Conditional Probability and Independence | |
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Bayes' Formula | |
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Variables: Discrete and Continuous | |
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Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables | |
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Two Discrete Random Variables: The Binomial and the Poisson | |
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Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables | |
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A Continuous Probability Distribution: The Normal Distribution | |
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Random Sampling | |
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Sampling Distributions | |
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Normal Approximation to the Binomial | |
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Evaluating Whether or Not a Population Distribution Is Normal | |
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Research Study: Inferences about Performance Enhancing Drugs among Athletes | |
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Minitab Instructions | |
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Summary and Key Formulas | |
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Exercises | |
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Analyzing Data, Interpreting the Analyses, and Communicating Results | |
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Inferences about Population Central Values | |
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Introduction and Abstract of a Research Study | |
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Estimation of ? | |
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Choosing the Sample Size for Estimating ? | |
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A Statistical Test for ? | |
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Choosing the Sample Size for ? | |
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The Level of Significance of a Statistical Test | |
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Inferences about ? for a Normal Population, s Unknown | |
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Inferences about ? when Population in Nonnormal and n is small: Bootstrap Methods | |
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Inferences about the Median | |
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Research Study: Percent Calories from Fat | |
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Summary and Key Formulas | |
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Exercises | |
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Inferences Comparing Two Population Central Values | |
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Introduction and Abstract of a Research Study | |
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Inferences about ?1 - ?2: Independent Samples | |
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A Nonparametric Alternative: The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test | |
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Inferences about ?1 - ?2: Paired Data | |
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A Nonparametric Alternative: The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test | |
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Choosing Sample Sizes for Inferences about ?1 - ?2 | |
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Research Study: Effects of Oil Spill on Plant Growth | |
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Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Inferences about Population Variances | |
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Introduction and Abstract of a Research Study | |
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Estimation and Tests for a Population Variance | |
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Estimation and Tests for Comparing Two Population Variances | |
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Tests for Comparing t > 2 Population Variances | |
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Research Study: Evaluation of Methods for Detecting E. coli | |
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Summary and Key Formulas | |
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Exercises | |
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Inferences About More Than Two Population Central Values Introduction and Abstract of a Research Study | |
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A Statistical Test About More Than Two Population Means: An Analysis of Variance | |
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The Model for Observations in a Completely Randomized Design | |
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Checking on the AOV Conditions | |
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An Alternative Analysis: Transformations of the Data | |
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A Nonparametric Alternative: The Kruskal-Wallis Test | |
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Research Study: Effect on Timing on the Treatment of Port-Wine Stains with Lasers | |
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Summary and Key Formulas | |
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Exercises | |
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Multiple Comparisons | |
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Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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Linear Contrasts | |
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Which Error Rate Is Controlled? Fisher's Least Significant Difference | |
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Tukey's W Procedure | |
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Student-Neuman-Keuls Procedure | |
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Dunnett's Procedure: Comparison of Treatments to a Control | |
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Scheff?'s S Method | |
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A Nonparametric Multiple-Comparison Procedure | |
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Research Study: Are Interviewers' Decisions Affected by Different Handicap Types? Summary and Key Formulas | |
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Exercises | |
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Categorical Data | |
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Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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Inferences about a Population Proportion p | |
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Inferences about the Difference between Two Population Proportions, p1 - p2 | |
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Inferences about Several Proportions: Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test | |
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Tests for Independence and Homogeneity | |
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Measuring Strength of Relaxation | |
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Odds and Odd Ratios | |
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Combining Sets of 2 X 2 Contingency Tables (optional) | |
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Research Study: Does Gender Bias Exist in the Selection of Students for Vocational Education? Summary and Key Formulas | |
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Exercises | |
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Analyzing Data: Regression Methods and Model Building | |
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Linear Regression and Correlation | |
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Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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Estimating Model Parameters | |
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Inferences about Regression Parameters | |
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Predicting New y Values Using Regression | |
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Examining Lack of Fit in Linear Regression | |
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The Inverse Regression Problem (Calibration) | |
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Correlation | |
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Research Study: Two Methods for Detecting E. coli | |
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Summary and Key Formulas | |
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Exercises | |
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Multiple Regression and the General Linear Model | |
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Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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The General Linear Model | |
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Estimating Multiple Regression Coefficients | |
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Inferences in Multiple Regression | |
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Testing a Subset of Regression Coefficients | |
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Forecasting Using Multiple Regression | |
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Comparing the Slopes of Several Regression Lines | |
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Logistic Regression | |
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Some Multiple Regression Theory (Optional) | |
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Research Study: Designing an Electric Drill | |
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Summary and Key Formulas | |
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Exercises | |
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Further Regression Topics | |
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Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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Selecting the Variables (Step 1) | |
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Formulating the Model (Step 2) | |
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Checking Model Assumptions (Step 3) | |
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Research Study: Construction Costs for Nuclear Power Plants | |
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Summary and Key Formulas | |
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Exercises | |
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Design of Experiments and Analysis of Variance | |
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Analysis of Variance for Completely Randomized Designs | |
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Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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Completely Randomized Design with Single Factor | |
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Factorial Treatment Structure | |
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Factorial Treatment Structures with an Unequal Number of Replications | |
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Estimation of Treatment Differences and Comparisons of Treatment Means | |
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Determining the Number of Replications | |
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Research Study: Development of a Low-Fat Processed Meat | |
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Summary and Key Formulas | |
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Exercises | |
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Analysis of Variance for Blocked Designs | |
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Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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Randomized Complete Block Design | |
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Latin Square Design | |
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Factorial Treatment Structure in a Randomized Complete Block Design | |
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A Nonparametric Alternative--Friedman's Test | |
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Research Study: Control of Leatherjackets | |
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Summary and Key Formulas | |
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Exercises | |
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Analysis of Covariance | |
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Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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A Completely Randomized Design with One Covariate | |
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The Extrapolation Problem | |
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Multiple Covariates and More Complicated Designs | |
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Research Study: Evaluations of Cool-Season Grasses for Putting Greens | |
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Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Analysis of Variance for Some Fixed-, Random-, and Mixed-Effects Models | |
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Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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A One-Factor Experiment with Random Treatment Effects | |
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Extensions of Random-Effects Models | |
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Mixed-Effects Models | |
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Rules for Obtaining Expecting Mean Squares | |
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Nested Factors | |
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Research Study: Factors Affecting Pressure Drops Across Expansion Joints | |
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Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Split-Plot, Repeated Measures, and Crossover Designs | |
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Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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Split-Plot Designs | |
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Single-Factor Experiments with Repeated Measures on One of the Factors | |
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Two-Factor Experiments with Repeated Measures on One of the Factors | |
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Crossover Design | |
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Research Study: Effects of Oil Spill on Plant Growth | |
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Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Analysis of Variance for Some Unbalanced Designs | |
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Introduction and Abstract of Research Study | |
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A Randomized Block Design with One or More Missing Observations | |
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A Latin Square Design with Missing Data | |
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Balanced Incomplete Block (BIB) Designs | |
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Research Study: Evaluation of the Consistency of Property Assessment | |
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Summary and Key Formulas | |
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Exercises | |
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Communicating and Documenting the Results of Analyses | |
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Communicating and Documenting the Results of a Study or Experiment | |
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Introduction | |
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The Difficulty of Good Communication | |
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Communication Hurdles: Graphical Distortions | |
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Communication Hurdles: Biased Samples | |
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Communication Hurdles: Sample Size | |
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The Statistical Report | |
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Documentation and Storage of Results | |
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Summary | |
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Exercises | |