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| Preface | |
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| History of Ethics Time Line | |
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| Ethical Theory | |
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| Ethics and Ethical Reasoning | |
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| Why Study Ethics? | |
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| What Is Ethics? | |
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| Ethics and Religion | |
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| Ethical and Other Types of Evaluation | |
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| Ethical Terms | |
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| Ethics and Reasons | |
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| Ethical Reasoning and Arguments | |
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| The Structure of Ethical Reasoning and Argument | |
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| Evaluating and Making Good Arguments | |
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| Ethical Theory | |
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| Types of Ethical Theory | |
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| Can Ethics Be Taught? | |
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| Reading | |
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| Euthyphro | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Ethical Relativism | |
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| What Is Ethical Relativism? | |
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| Two Forms of Ethical Relativism | |
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| Reasons Supporting Ethical Relativism | |
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| The Diversity of Moral Views | |
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| Moral Uncertainty | |
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| Situational Differences | |
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| Are These Reasons Convincing? | |
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| The Diversity of Moral Views | |
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| Moral Uncertainty | |
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| Situational Differences | |
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| Further Considerations | |
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| Moral Realism | |
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| Moral Pluralism | |
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| Reading | |
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| Trying Out One's New Sword | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Egoism | |
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| Psychological Egoism | |
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| What Is Psychological Egoism? | |
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| Is Psychological Egoism True? | |
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| Ethical Egoism | |
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| What Is Ethical Egoism? | |
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| Is Ethical Egoism a Good Theory? | |
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| The Moral Point of View | |
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| Why Be Moral? | |
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| Readings | |
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| The Ring of Gyges | |
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| Self Love | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Utilitarianism | |
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| Historical Hackground | |
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| Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill | |
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| The Principle of Utility | |
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| A Consequentialist Principle | |
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| The Intrinsic Good: Pleasure or Happiness | |
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| Calculating the Greatest Amount of Happiness | |
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| Quantity and Quality of Pleasure | |
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| Evaluating Utilitarianism | |
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| Application of the Principle | |
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| Utilitarianism and Personal Integrity | |
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| Ends and Means | |
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| Act and Rule Utilitarianism | |
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| "Proof" of The Theory | |
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| Contemporary Versions | |
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| Preference Utilitarianism | |
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| Cost-Benefit Analysis | |
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| Readings | |
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| An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) | |
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| Utilitarianism | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Kant's Moral Theory | |
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| Historical Background: Immanuel Kant | |
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| What Gives An Act Moral Worth? | |
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| What Is the Right Motive? | |
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| What Is the Right Thing to Do? | |
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| The Categorical Imperative | |
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| The First Form | |
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| The Second Form | |
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| Evaluating Kant's Moral Theory | |
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| The Nature of Moral Obligation | |
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| The Application of the Categorical Imperative | |
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| Duty | |
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| Moral Equality and Impartiality | |
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| Perfect and Imperfect Duties | |
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| Variations on Kantian Moral Theory | |
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| Reading | |
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| Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Natural Law and Natural Rights | |
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| Natural Law Theory | |
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| What Kind of Law Is Natural Law? | |
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| Historical Origins: Aristotle | |
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| Nature, Human Nature, and the Human Good | |
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| Evaluating Natural Law Theory | |
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| Natural Rights | |
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| Evaluating Natural Rights Theory | |
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| Readings | |
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| On Natural Law | |
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| Second Treatise of Civil Government | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Virtue Ethics | |
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| Virtues and Everyday Life | |
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| What Is Virtue? | |
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| Masculine and Feminine Virtues | |
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| Evaluating Virtue Ethics | |
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| Readings | |
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| The Nicomachean Ethics | |
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| Virtues and Vices | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Ethical Issues | |
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| Euthanasia | |
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| Brain Death, Coma, and Persistent Vegetative State | |
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| Meaning and Types of Euthanasia | |
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| Active and Passive Euthanasia | |
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| Physician-Assisted Suicide | |
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| Pain Medication that Causes Death | |
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| Ordinary and Extraordinary Measures | |
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| Voluntary and Nonvoluntary Euthanasia | |
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| Combining the Types of Euthanasia | |
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| Morality and the Law | |
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| Making Moral Judgments About Euthanasia | |
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| The Moral Significance of Voluntariness | |
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| Active Versus Passive Euthanasia | |
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| Ordinary Versus Extraordinary Measures | |
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| Infant Euthanasia | |
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| Readings | |
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| The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia | |
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| Active and Passive Euthanasia | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Discussion Cases | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Abortion | |
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| Stages of Fetal Development | |
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| Methods of Abortion | |
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| Abortion and the Law | |
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| Abortion: The Moral Question | |
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| Arguments that Do Not Depend on the Moral Status of the Fetus | |
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| Utilitarian Reasoning | |
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| Some Rights Arguments | |
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| Arguments that Depend on the Moral Status of the Fetus | |
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| Method I | |
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| Method II | |
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| Readings | |
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| A Defense of Abortion | |
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| Why Abortion Is Immoral | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Discussion Cases | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Sexual Morality | |
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| Conceptual Problems: What Is and Is Not Sexual | |
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| Relevant Factual Matters | |
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| Sexual Morality and Ethical Theories | |
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| Consequentialist or Utilitarian Considerations | |
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| Nonconsequentialist or Kantian Considerations | |
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| Naturalness Considerations | |
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| Homosexuality | |
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| Readings | |
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| Sexual Perversion | |
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| Prejudice and Homosexuality | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Discussion Cases | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Pornography | |
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| Liberty-Limiting Principles | |
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| The Harm Principle | |
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| The Social Harm Principle | |
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| The Offense Principle | |
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| Legal Paternalism | |
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| Legal Moralism | |
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| Feminism and Pornography | |
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| Readings | |
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| On Liberty | |
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| Sex, Lies, and Respect | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Discussion Cases | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Equality and Discrimination | |
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| Civil Rights Laws: A Brief History | |
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| Racism and Sexism | |
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| The Principle of Equality | |
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| Justice | |
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| Social Benefits and Harms | |
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| Proof | |
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| Real Differences | |
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| Relevant Differences | |
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| Challenges to the Principle | |
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| Affirmative Action and Preferential Treatment | |
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| Consequentialist Considerations | |
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| Nonconsequentialist Considerations | |
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| Readings | |
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| Affirmative Action and Fairness | |
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| Reverse Discrimination as Unjustified | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Discussion Cases | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Economic Justice | |
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| Process or End State Distributive Justice | |
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| Equal Opportunity | |
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| Political and Economic Theories | |
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| Libertarianism | |
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| Capitalism | |
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| Socialism | |
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| Modern Liberalism | |
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| John Rawls's Theory of Justice | |
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| Communitarianism | |
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| Readings | |
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| Justice as Fairness | |
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| Distributive Justice | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Discussion Cases | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Legal Punishment | |
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| The Nature of Legal Punishment | |
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| The Deterrence Argument | |
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| Problematic Aspects | |
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| The Retributivist Argument | |
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| Problematic Aspects | |
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| Punishment and Responsibility | |
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| The Death Penalty | |
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| On Deterrence Grounds | |
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| On Retributivist Grounds | |
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| Other Concerns | |
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| Readings | |
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| A World Without Punishment | |
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| The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Discussion Cases | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Environmental Ethics | |
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| The Environment | |
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| Value | |
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| Anthropocentrism | |
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| Cost-Benefit Analysis | |
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| Human Environmental Impact | |
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| Ecocentrism | |
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| Deep Ecology | |
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| Ecofeminism | |
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| Sustainable Development | |
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| Readings | |
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| People or Penguins: The Case for Optimal Pollution | |
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| Deep Ecology | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Discussion Cases | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Animal Rights | |
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| Sentience | |
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| Animal Rights | |
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| Animal Experimentation | |
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| Endangered Species | |
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| Readings | |
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| All Animals Are Equal | |
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| Speciesism and the Idea of Equality | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Discussion Cases | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Stem-Cell Research, Cloning, and Genetic Engineering | |
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| Stem-Cell Research | |
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| Legal and Ethical Issues | |
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| Human Cloning | |
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| Therapeutic Cloning | |
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| Reproductive Cloning | |
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| Ethical Issues | |
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| Genetic Engineering | |
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| Ethical Issues | |
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| Genetically Modified Plants and Animals | |
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| Ethical Issues | |
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| Genetic Screening | |
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| The Value of Privacy | |
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| Screening and Conflicts of Interest | |
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| Readings | |
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| The Wisdom of Repugnance | |
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| Illegal Beings: Human Clones and the Law | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Discussion Cases | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Violence, Terrorism, and War | |
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| Violence | |
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| Terrorism | |
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| Ethical Issues | |
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| Pacifism | |
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| Just War Theory | |
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| Jus ad Bellum | |
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| Jus in Bello | |
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| Weapons of Mass Destruction | |
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| War Crimes and Universal Human Rights | |
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| Readings | |
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| What Is a Terrorist? | |
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| The Triumph of Just War Theory (and the Dangers of Success) | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Discussion Cases | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| Global Issues and Globalization | |
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| Rich and Poor Nations | |
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| Causes and Solutions | |
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| Ethical Considerations | |
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| Globalization | |
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| Values | |
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| Free Market Capitalism | |
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| Modernization | |
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| Readings | |
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| Famine, Affluence, and Morality | |
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| Globalization and Its Discontents | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Discussion Cases | |
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| Selected Bibliography | |
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| How to Write an Ethics Paper | |
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| The Content of the Paper | |
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| The Paper's Structure | |
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| Format | |
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| Grammar, Spelling, and Gender | |
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| Types of Ethics Papers | |
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| A Historical Approach | |
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| A Problem in Ethical Theory | |
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| A Contemporary Moral Issue | |
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| Is It an Ethics Paper? | |
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| Structuring or Analyzing an Ethical Argument | |
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| Reasons and Conclusions | |
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| Types and Sources of Evidence | |
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| Types of Reasons | |
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| Top-to-Bottom or Bottom-to-Top Reasoning? | |
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| Using Analogies | |
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| Sample Ethics Papers | |
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| Historical Approach | |
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| A Problem in Ethical Theory | |
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| A Contemporary Ethical Issue | |
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| Index | |