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| Preface | |
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| Morality and Moral Reasoning | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Moral Judgments | |
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| Philosophical Questions about Moral Judgments | |
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| Kinds of Moral Judgment | |
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| Moral Judgments and Moral Reasons | |
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| Moral Arguments | |
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| All-Things-Considered Singular Moral Judgments | |
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| Absolute Moral Principles | |
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| Universality | |
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| Evaluating Moral Arguments | |
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| Nonmoral Claims Must Be True or Reasonable | |
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| Deductive Validity and Inductive Strength | |
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| Soundness and Cogency | |
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| The Concept of Moral Judgment | |
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| Impartiality and the Moral Point of View | |
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| Harm, Benefit, and Morality | |
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| Morality and Freedom | |
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| Moral Disagreement | |
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| Appealing to What "We" Agree On | |
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| Why Do People Disagree? | |
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| Morality and Law | |
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| Basic Moral Principles | |
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| Intuitionism | |
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| One or Many? | |
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| Basic Moral Principles Are Neither True Nor Justified? | |
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| Agreement on Basic Moral Principles | |
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| Duties to Ourselves? | |
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| Reflective Equilibrium | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Natural Law and Divine Commands | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cloning and Genetic Engineering | |
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| Cosmetic Surgery | |
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| Same-Sex Marriage | |
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| Stoicism | |
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| Thomas Aquinas | |
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| Hobbes | |
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| Philippa Foot | |
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| The Divine Command Theory | |
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| Problems for the Divine Command Theory | |
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| Religion and a Meaningful Life | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Realism, Nihilism, Subjectivism, and Relativism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Moral Realism | |
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| Why Think That Moral Judgments Can Be True or False? | |
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| Moral Nihilism | |
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| Moral Subjectivism | |
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| Reasons Supporting Moral Subjectivism | |
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| Problems for Moral Subjectivism | |
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| Moral Relativism | |
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| Does Moral Disagreement Entail Moral Relativism? | |
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| Tolerance Is a Virtue | |
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| Shouldn't People Conform to the Moral Code of Their Society? | |
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| Relativism and Moral Inquiry | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Psychological Egoism and Moral Egoism | |
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| Commonsense Morality | |
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| Psychological Egoism | |
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| Moral Egoism | |
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| Moral Egoism and the Common Good | |
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| The Meaning of a "Moral" Reason | |
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| Moral Egoism and Universality | |
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| Moral Egoism and Social Harmony | |
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| Modified Moral Egoism | |
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| Short-Term Versus Long-Term Self-Interest | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Utilitarianism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Act Utilitarianism | |
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| Objections to Act Utilitarianism | |
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| Act Utilitarianism Ignores the Distribution of Happiness | |
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| Act Utilitarianism Ignores Duties | |
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| Rule Utilitarianism | |
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| Advantages of Rule Utilitarianism | |
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| An Objection to Rule Utilitarianism | |
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| Problems for All Versions of Utilitarianism | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Kantian Moral Theory | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Kant and the Good Will | |
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| Actions and Maxims | |
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| The Categorical Imperative | |
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| Universal Law Formulation | |
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| Maxims and Universal Laws | |
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| Inconsistencies in Willing That a Maxim Becomes a Universal Law | |
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| Duties Derived from the Categorical Imperative | |
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| The Categorical Imperative: "Respect for People" Formulation | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Internet Resource | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Virtue and Vice | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Dalai Lama | |
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| Which Are the Virtues, Which Are the Vices? | |
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| Aristotle on Virtue | |
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| Happiness/Eudaimonia | |
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| Flourishing | |
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| Virtue, Vice, and Flourishing | |
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| Virtues and Vices as Guides to Action | |
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| The Unity of Virtue | |
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| Compassion | |
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| Courage | |
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| Self-Control/Self-Discipline | |
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| Arrogance | |
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| Selfishness/Self-Absorption | |
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| Responsibility | |
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| Epicureans | |
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| Stoicism | |
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| Hobbes and Hume | |
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| The Seven Deadly Sins | |
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| Virtues as Dispositions to Obey Moral Rules | |
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| Virtue and Vice in Hinduism: Ahimsa | |
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| Virtue and Vice in Buddhism | |
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| The Dalai Lama | |
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| Character and Freedom | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Human Rights | |
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| Assaults on Human Dignity | |
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| "Untouchables" (Dalits) in India | |
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| Roma (Gypsies) | |
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| Child Farmworkers in the United States | |
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| Rights | |
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| The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights | |
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| The Foundation of the Declaration | |
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| Classification of Rights | |
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| The Meaning of a Right | |
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| Rights to Security from Very Serious Physical and Psychological Harm | |
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| Rights to Equal Protection and Equality Before the Law | |
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| Rights to Political Participation | |
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| Rights to Liberty or Freedom | |
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| John Stuart Mill and the Harm Principle | |
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| Feinberg: Four Possible Principles Legitimizing Coercion | |
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| The Harm Principle | |
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| The Offense Principle | |
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| Hard and Soft Paternalism | |
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| Legal Moralism | |
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| Seven Basic Freedoms | |
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| Welfare Rights | |
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| The Right to an Adequate Standard of Living | |
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| The Right to Employment | |
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| The Right to Just and Favorable Remuneration | |
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| The Right to Rest, Leisure, and Reasonable Working Hours | |
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| The Right to Education | |
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| Justifying Welfare Rights | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Feminism and Sexual Equality | |
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| Patriarchy | |
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| First Wave Feminism in the United States | |
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| Second Wave Feminism in the United States | |
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| The Current State of Women in the United States | |
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| Women Outside the United States | |
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| Contemporary Feminist Theories: The Third Wave | |
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| Liberal Feminism | |
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| Reproductive Rights | |
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| Equal Opportunity, Care, and the Family | |
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| Sexual Harassment | |
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| The Ideal of Androgyny | |
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| Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women | |
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| Male Justice Versus Female Care Approaches to Moral Decision Making | |
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| Are Justice and Care Approaches Incompatible? | |
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| The Case of Killing the White Crow | |
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| The Case of the Moles and the Porcupine | |
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| Why Can't a Man Be More Like a Woman? | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Internet Resource | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Morality and Sex | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sex Without Marriage | |
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| Sex and Happiness | |
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| Moral Duties Within Sexual Relationships | |
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| The Double Standard | |
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| Pornography | |
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| Adultery | |
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| Prostitution | |
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| Homosexuality | |
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| Homosexuality and God's Law | |
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| Are Homosexual Acts Unnatural? | |
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| Does Homosexuality Threaten the Family? | |
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| Same-Sex Marriages | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Endnote | |
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| Life and Death Issues | |
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| Abortion | |
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| Roe v. Wade | |
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| Constitutionality and Morality | |
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| The Right-to-Life Position on Abortion | |
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| The Most Liberal View on Abortion | |
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| Personhood | |
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| Voluntariness | |
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| Moderate Positions on Abortion | |
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| Stage of Development | |
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| Reasons for Wanting an Abortion | |
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| Infertility Treatments | |
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| Sex Selection | |
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| Applying Moral Theories to Abortion | |
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| Should Abortion Be Legally Permitted? | |
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| Public Funding of Abortion | |
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| Suicide | |
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| Suicide in Ancient Greece and Rome | |
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| Suicide and Religion | |
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| Suicide and the Possibility of Error | |
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| Suicide and Autonomy | |
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| Good Reasons for Committing Suicide | |
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| Bad Reasons for Committing Suicide | |
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| Suicide and the Duty to Minimize Harm to Others | |
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| Suicide and Moral Theory | |
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| Rights, Duties, and Suicide Preventions | |
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| Euthanasia | |
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| Impaired Newborns | |
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| Irreversible Comas | |
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| End-of-Life Cases | |
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| Active and Passive Euthanasia | |
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| Extraordinary Treatment and Extraordinary Care | |
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| Voluntary, Nonvoluntary, and Involuntary Euthanasia | |
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| Involuntary Euthanasia | |
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| Voluntary Passive Euthanasia | |
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| Voluntary Active Euthanasia | |
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| Nonvoluntary Passive Euthanasia | |
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| Nonvoluntary Active Euthanasia | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Economic Inequality, Poverty, and Equal Opportunity | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Is Too Much Economic Inequality Morally Wrong? | |
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| The Case for Equality | |
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| Arguments Against Equality | |
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| Is Poverty in the Midst of Affluence Morally Wrong? | |
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| Arguments for Relieving Poverty | |
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| Equal Opportunity | |
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| Justice, Fairness, and Taxes | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Racism and Affirmative Action | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Racism and Blacks | |
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| Solutions to Racism | |
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| Prohibit Discrimination | |
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| Affirmative Action and Preferential Treatment | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Capital Punishment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Social Protection | |
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| Deterrence | |
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| The Probability of Executing the Innocent | |
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| Discrimination Based on Race and Class | |
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| Utilitarian Justifications May Legitimize Punishing the Innocent | |
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| Desert | |
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| Competence: Age, Mental Health, and Intelligence | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Internet Resource | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| War and Peace | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Peace | |
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| Pacifism | |
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| Mohandas K. Gandhi | |
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| The Just War Tradition | |
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| Declaration by Competent Authority | |
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| Just Cause, Self-Defense, and Aggression | |
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| Proving Strength and Determination | |
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| Preemption | |
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| Revolution and Civil War | |
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| Humanitarian Intervention | |
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| Other Conditions of a Just War | |
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| Justice in Waging War | |
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| Justice in the Aftermath of War | |
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| Unconventional Weapons | |
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| Deterrence | |
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| Torture and Interrogation | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Ethics and the Environment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Environmental Threats | |
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| The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming | |
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| Ozone Depletion | |
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| Air Pollution | |
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| Water Pollution | |
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| Energy Consumption | |
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| Deforestation and Species Loss | |
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| Wilderness Preservation | |
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| Human Population Growth | |
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| International Declarations and Agreements on the Environment | |
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| 1972 Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment | |
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| The 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development | |
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| Creating a Sustainable Society | |
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| Opposition to Sustainability | |
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| Applying Moral Theories | |
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| Present Versus Future People | |
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| Environmental Racism and Justice | |
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| Life-Centered Versus Human-Centered Environmental Ethics | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Moral Desicison Making | |
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| Thinking About Case Studies | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| McWane, Inc. | |
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| Death and Tobacco | |
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| Allegations of Unethical Pharmaceutical Studies in Nigeria | |
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| Terrorism, Interrogation, and Torture | |
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| Insurance Fraud | |
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| Police Brutality in New York City | |
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| Prosecutor Withholds Evidence from the Defense | |
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| Florida Ban on Gay Adoptions | |
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| Tainted Evidence? | |
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| The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment | |
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| Embryonic Stem Cell Research | |
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| Nancy Cruzan | |
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| The Philadelphia Head-Injury Studies on Primates | |
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| Index | |