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| Preface | |
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| Concepts of Crime, Law, and Criminology | |
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| Crime and Criminology | |
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| What Is Criminology? | |
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| Criminology and Criminal Justice | |
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| Criminology and Deviance | |
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| Becoming Deviant | |
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| A Brief History of Criminology | |
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| Classical Criminology | |
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| Nineteenth-Century Positivism | |
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| The Foundations of Sociological Criminology | |
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| The Development of Sociological Criminology | |
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| The Development of Social Process Theories | |
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| The Roots of Conflict Criminology | |
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| Contemporary Criminology | |
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| What Criminologists Do: The Criminological Enterprise | |
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| Criminal Statistics | |
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| The Sociology of Law | |
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| Theory Construction | |
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| Criminal Behavior Systems | |
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| Penology | |
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| Victimology | |
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| Comparative Criminology: International Crime Trends | |
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| How Criminologists View Crime | |
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| The Consensus View of Crime | |
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| The Conflict View of Crime | |
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| The Interactionist View of Crime | |
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| Defining Crime | |
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| Crime and the Criminal Law | |
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| Common Law | |
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| Contemporary Criminal Law | |
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| The Evolution of Criminal Law | |
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| Ethical Issues in Criminology | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: The Elements of Criminal Law | |
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| Summary | |
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| ThomsonNOW | |
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| Thinking Like a Criminologist | |
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| Doing Research on the Web | |
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| Book Companion Website | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Nature and Extent of Crime | |
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| Primary Sources of Crime Data | |
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| Official Record Research | |
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| Survey Research | |
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| The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) | |
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| Evaluating Primary Crime Data Sources | |
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| Secondary Sources of Crime Data | |
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| Cohort Research | |
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| Experimental Research | |
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| Observational and Interview Research | |
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| Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review | |
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| Data Mining | |
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| Crime Mapping | |
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| Crime Trends | |
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| Trends in Violent Crime | |
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| Trends in Property Crime | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: Explaining Crime Trends | |
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| Trends in Victimization Data (NCVS Findings) | |
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| Trends in Self-Reporting | |
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| What the Future Holds | |
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| Crime Patterns | |
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| The Ecology of Crime | |
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| Use of Firearms | |
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| Social Class, Socioeconomic Conditions, and Crime | |
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| Policy and Practice in Criminology: Should Guns Be Controlled? | |
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| Age and Crime | |
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| Gender and Crime | |
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| Race and Crime | |
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| Chronic Offenders/Criminal Careers | |
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| Summary | |
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| ThomsonNOW | |
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| Thinking Like a Criminologist | |
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| Doing Research on the Web | |
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| Book Companion Website | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Victims and Victimization | |
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| Problems of Crime Victims | |
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| Economic Loss | |
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| System Abuse | |
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| Long-Term Stress | |
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| Fear | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: Adolescent Victims of Violence | |
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| Antisocial Behavior | |
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| The Nature of Victimization | |
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| The Social Ecology of Victimization | |
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| The Victim's Household | |
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| Victim Characteristics | |
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| Victims and Their Criminals | |
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| Theories of Victimization | |
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| Victim Precipitation Theory | |
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| Lifestyle Theory | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: Rape on Campus: Lifestyle and Risk | |
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| Deviant Place Theory | |
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| Routine Activities Theory | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: Crime and Everyday Life | |
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| Caring for the Victim | |
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| The Government's Response | |
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| Victim Service Programs | |
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| Victims' Rights | |
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| Comparative Criminology: Victims' Rights in Europe | |
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| Victim Advocacy | |
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| Self-Protection | |
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| Community Organization | |
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| Summary | |
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| ThomsonNOW | |
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| Thinking Like a Criminologist | |
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| Doing Research on the Web | |
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| Book Companion Website | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Theories of Crime Causation | |
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| Choice Theories | |
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| The Development of Rational Choice Theory | |
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| The Classical Theory of Crime | |
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| Choice Theory Emerges | |
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| The Concepts of Rational Choice | |
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| Offense- and Offender-Specific Crimes | |
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| Structuring Criminality | |
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| Structuring Crime | |
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| Is Crime Rational? | |
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| Is Theft Rational? | |
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| Is Drug Use Rational? | |
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| Is Violence Rational? | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: Hector Vega: A Life in the Drug Trade | |
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| Eliminating Crime | |
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| Situational Crime Prevention | |
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| Comparative Criminology: CCTV or Not CCTV? Comparing Situational Crime Prevention Efforts in Great Britain and the United States | |
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| General Deterrence | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: Does Capital Punishment Deter Murder? | |
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| Specific Deterrence | |
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| Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Deterring Domestic Violence | |
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| Incapacitation | |
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| Public Policy Implications of Choice Theory | |
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| Just Desert | |
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| Summary | |
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| ThomsonNOW | |
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| Thinking Like a Criminologist | |
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| Doing Research on the Web | |
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| Book Companion Website | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Trait Theories | |
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| Foundations of Trait Theory | |
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| Impact of Sociobiology | |
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| Modern Trait Theories | |
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| Biosocial Trait Theories | |
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| Biochemical Conditions and Crime | |
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| Comparative Criminology: Diet and Crime: An International Perspective | |
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| Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime | |
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| Arousal Theory | |
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| Genetics and Crime | |
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| Evolutionary Theory | |
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| Evaluation of the Biosocial Branch of Trait Theory | |
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| Psychological Trait Theories | |
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| Psychodynamic Theory | |
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| Behavioral Theory | |
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| Cognitive Theory | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: The Media and Violence | |
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| Psychological Traits and Characteristics | |
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| Personality and Crime | |
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| Intelligence and Crime | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: The Antisocial Personality | |
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| Public Policy Implications of Trait Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| ThomsonNOW | |
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| Thinking Like a Criminologist | |
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| Doing Research on the Web | |
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| Book Companion Website | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Social Structure Theories | |
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| Socioeconomic Structure and Crime | |
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| Child Poverty | |
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| The Underclass | |
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| Minority Group Poverty | |
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| Social Structure Theories | |
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| Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Bridging the Racial Divide | |
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| Social Disorganization Theories | |
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| Foundations of Social Disorganization Theory | |
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| The Social Ecology School | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: Random Family | |
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| Strain Theories | |
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| The Concept of Anomie | |
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| Merton's Theory of Anomie | |
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| Structural Level Strain: Institutional Anomie Theory | |
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| Individual Level Strain: General Strain Theory | |
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| Sources of Strain | |
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| Coping with Strain | |
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| Evaluating GST | |
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| Cultural Deviance Theories | |
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| Conduct Norms | |
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| Focal Concerns | |
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| Theory of Delinquent Subcultures | |
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| Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: The Code of the Streets | |
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| Theory of Differential Opportunity | |
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| Evaluating Social Structure Theories | |
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| Public Policy Implications of Social Structure Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| ThomsonNOW | |
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| Thinking Like a Criminologist | |
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| Doing Research on the Web | |
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| Book Companion Website | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Social Process Theories | |
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| Socialization and Crime | |
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| Family Relations | |
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| Educational Experience | |
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| Peer Relations | |
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| Policy and Practice in Criminology: Keeping Kids in School: The Communities In Schools Program | |
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| Institutional Involvement and Belief | |
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| The Effects of Socialization on Crime | |
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| Social Learning Theory | |
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| Differential Association Theory | |
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| Differential Reinforcement Theory | |
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| Neutralization Theory | |
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| Are Learning Theories Valid? | |
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| Social Control Theory | |
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| Self-Concept and Crime | |
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| Hirschi's Social Bond Theory | |
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| Social Reaction Theory | |
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| Crime and Labeling Theory | |
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| Differential Enforcement | |
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| Becoming Labeled | |
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| Consequences of Labeling | |
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| Primary and Secondary Deviance | |
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| Research on Social Reaction Theory | |
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| Is Labeling Theory Valid? | |
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| Evaluating Social Process Theories | |
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| Public Policy Implications of Social Process Theory | |
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| Policy and Practice in Criminology: Head Start | |
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| Summary | |
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| ThomsonNOW | |
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| Thinking Like a Criminologist | |
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| Doing Research on the Web | |
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| Book Companion Website | |
| |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Social Conflict Theories: Critical Criminology and Restorative Justice | |
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| Marxist Thought | |
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| Productive Forces and Productive Relations | |
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| Surplus Value | |
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| Marx on Crime | |
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| Developing a Conflict-Based Theory of Crime | |
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| The Contribution of Willem Bonger | |
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| The Contribution of Ralf Dahrendorf | |
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| The Contribution of George Vold | |
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| Social Conflict Theory | |
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| Social Conflict Research | |
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| Critical Criminology | |
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| Fundamentals of Critical Criminology | |
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| Instrumental versus Structural Theory | |
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| Research on Critical Criminology | |
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| Critique of Critical Criminology | |
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| Contemporary Forms of Critical Theory | |
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| Left Realism | |
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| Critical Feminist Theory | |
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| Power-Control Theory | |
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| Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Capitalism and Patriarchy | |
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| Postmodern Theory | |
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| Peacemaking Theory | |
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| Public Policy Implications of Social Conflict Theory: Restorative Justice | |
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| Reintegrative Shaming | |
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| The Concept of Restorative Justice | |
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| The Process of Restoration | |
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| The Challenge of Restorative Justice | |
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| Comparative Criminology: Practicing Restorative Justice Abroad | |
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| Summary | |
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| ThomsonNOW | |
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| Thinking Like a Criminologist | |
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| Doing Research on the Web | |
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| Book Companion Website | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Developmental Theories: Life Course and Latent Trait | |
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| Foundations of Developmental Theory | |
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| Life Course Fundamentals | |
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| Problem Behavior Syndrome | |
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| Pathways to Crime | |
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| Age of Onset/Continuity of Crime | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: Desisting from Crime | |
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| Adolescent-Limiteds and Life Course Persisters | |
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| Theories of the Criminal Life Course | |
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| Sampson and Laub: Age-Graded Theory | |
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| Latent Trait Fundamentals | |
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| Crime and Human Nature | |
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| General Theory of Crime | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives | |
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| Evaluating Developmental Theories | |
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| Policy and Practice in Criminology: The Fast Track Project | |
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| Public Policy Implications of Developmental Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| ThomsonNOW | |
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| Thinking Like a Criminologist | |
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| Doing Research on the Web | |
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| Book Companion Website | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Crime Typologies | |
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| Violent Crime | |
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| The Causes of Violence | |
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| Psychological Abnormality | |
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| Evolutionary Factors/Human Instinct | |
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| Substance Abuse | |
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| Socialization and Upbringing | |
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| Exposure to Violence | |
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| Cultural Values/Subculture of Violence | |
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| Forcible Rape | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: Violent Land | |
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| History of Rape | |
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| Rape and the Military | |
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| Incidence of Rape | |
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| Types of Rape and Rapists | |
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| The Causes of Rape | |
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| Rape and the Law | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: Masculinity and Sexual Violence among the Urban Poor | |
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| Murder and Homicide | |
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| Degrees of Murder | |
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| The Nature and Extent of Murder | |
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| Murderous Relations | |
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| Serial Murder | |
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| Mass Murder | |
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| Assault and Battery | |
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| The Nature and Extent of Assault | |
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| Assault in the Home | |
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| Robbery | |
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| Acquaintance Robbery | |
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| Rational Robbery | |
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| Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence | |
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| Hate Crimes | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: Armed Robbers in Action | |
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| Workplace Violence | |
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| Stalking | |
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| Terrorism | |
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| What Is Terrorism? | |
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| A Brief History of Terrorism | |
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| Contemporary Forms of Terrorism | |
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| Comparative Criminology: Transnational Terrorism in the New Millennium | |
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| What Motivates Terrorists? | |
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| Responses to Terrorism | |
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| Summary | |
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| ThomsonNOW | |
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| Thinking Like a Criminologist | |
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| Doing Research on the Web | |
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| Book-Companion Website | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Property Crime | |
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| A Brief History of Theft | |
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| Modern Thieves | |
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| Occasional Criminals | |
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| Professional Criminals | |
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| Sutherland's Professional Criminal | |
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| The Professional Fence | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: Transforming Theft: Train Robbers and Safecrackers | |
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| The Nonprofessional Fence | |
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| Larceny/Theft | |
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| Larceny Today | |
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| Shoplifting | |
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| Bad Checks | |
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| Credit Card Theft | |
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| Auto Theft | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: Credit Card Fraud | |
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| False Pretenses or Fraud | |
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| Confidence Games | |
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| Embezzlement | |
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| Burglary | |
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| The Nature and Extent of Burglary | |
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| Residential Burglary | |
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| Commercial Burglary | |
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| Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Are There Gender Differences in Burglary? | |
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| Careers in Burglary | |
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| Arson | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: What Motivates Juvenile Fire Setters? | |
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| Summary | |
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| ThomsonNOW | |
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| Thinking Like a Criminologist | |
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| Doing Research on the Web | |
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| Book Companion Website | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Enterprise Crime: White-Collar and Organized Crime | |
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| Enterprise Crime | |
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| Crimes of Business Enterprise | |
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| White-Collar Crime | |
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| Redefining White-Collar Crime | |
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| Components of White-Collar Crime | |
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| Stings and Swindles | |
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| Chiseling | |
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| Individual Exploitation of an Institutional Position | |
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| Influence Peddling and Bribery | |
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| Embezzlement and Employee Fraud | |
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| The Criminological Enterprise: Tyco, Enron, and WorldCom: Enterprise Crime at the Highest Levels | |
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| Client Fraud | |
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| Corporate Crime | |
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| Causes of White-Collar Crime | |
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| Greedy or Needy? | |
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| Theories of White-Collar Crime | |
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| Rationalization/Neutralization View | |
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| Comparative Criminology: Snakes and Ladders: Confronting White-Collar Crime in Britain | |
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| Corporate Culture View | |
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| Self-Control View | |
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| White-Collar Law Enforcement Systems | |
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| Controlling White-Collar Crime | |
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| Is the Tide Turning? | |
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| Organized Crime | |
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| Characteristics of Organized Crime | |
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| Activities of Organized Crime | |
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| The Concept of Organized Crime | |
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| Alien Conspiracy Theory | |
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| Contemporary Organized Crime Groups | |
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| The Evolution of Organized Crime | |
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| Comparative Criminology: Russian Organized Crime | |
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| Controlling Organized Crime | |
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| The Future of Organized Crime | |
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| Summary | |
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| ThomsonNOW | |
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| |
| Thinking Like a Criminologist | |
| |
| |
| Doing Research on the Web | |
| |
| |
| Book Companion Website | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Public Order Crime | |
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| Law and Morality | |
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| Debating Morality | |
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| Social Harm | |
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| Moral Crusaders | |
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| Homosexuality | |
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| Attitudes toward Homosexuality | |
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| Homosexuality and the Law | |
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| Is the Tide Turning? | |
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| Paraphilias | |
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| Prostitution | |
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| Comparative Criminology: The Natasha Trade: International Trafficking in Prostitution | |
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| Incidence of Prostitution | |
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| International Sex Trade | |
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| Types of Prostitutes | |
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| Becoming a Prostitute | |
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| Controlling Prostitution | |
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| Legalize Prostitution? | |
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| Pornography | |
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| Child Pornography | |
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| Does Pornography Cause Violence? | |
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| Pornography and the Law | |
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| Controlling Pornography | |
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| Technological Change | |
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| Substance Abuse | |
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| When Did Drug Use Begin? | |
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| Alcohol and Its Prohibition | |
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| The Extent of Substance Abuse | |
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| AIDS and Drug Use | |
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| What Causes Substance Abuse? | |
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| Is There a Drug Gateway? | |
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| Types of Drug Users | |
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| Drugs and Crime | |
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| Drugs and the Law | |
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| Drug Control Strategies | |
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| Policy and Practice in Criminology: Drug Abuse Resistance Education | |
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| Drug Legalization | |
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| Summary | |
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| ThomsonNOW | |
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| Thinking Like a Criminologist | |
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| Doing Research on the Web | |
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| Book Companion Website | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Cyber Crime and Technology | |
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| Cyber Theft: Cyber Crimes for Profit | |
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| Computer Fraud | |
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| Distributing Illegal Sexual Material | |
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| Denial of Service Attack | |
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| Illegal Copyright Infringement | |
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| Internet Securities Fraud | |
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| Identity Theft | |
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| E-Tailing Fraud | |
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| Cyber Vandalism: Cyber Crime with Malicious Intent | |
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| Worms, Viruses, Trojan Horses, Logic Bombs, and Spam | |
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| Web Defacement | |
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| Cyber Stalking | |
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| Cyber Spying | |
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| Cyber Terrorism: Cyber Crime with Political Motives | |
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| Why Terrorism in Cyber Space? | |
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| Cyber Attacks | |
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| Is Cyber Terrorism a Real Threat? | |
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| The Extent and Costs of Cyber Crime | |
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| Controlling Cyber Crime | |
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| Cyber Crime Enforcement Agencies | |
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| Local Enforcement Efforts | |
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| Controlling Crime Using Information Technology | |
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| Law Enforcement Technology | |
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| Policy and Practice in Criminology: Crime Scene Investigation Goes High Tech | |
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| Policy and Practice in Criminology: Biometric Technology | |
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| Court Technology | |
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| Corrections Technology | |
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| Information Technology, Crime, and Civil Liberties | |
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| Summary | |
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| ThomsonNOW | |
| |
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| Thinking Like a Criminologist | |
| |
| |
| Doing Research on the Web | |
| |
| |
| Book Companion Website | |
| |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Case Index | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |
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| Photo Credits | |