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Preface to the Dover Edition | |
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Preface to the First Edition | |
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The Language of Alchemy | |
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Allegory and Analogy in Alchemical Literature | |
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Introduction | |
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The Difficulty of Recognizing an Alchemical Text | |
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Astronomy and Alchemy | |
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Mythology and Alchemy | |
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Theology and Alchemy | |
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Some other Allegories | |
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The Difficulty of Interpreting the Texts | |
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Man as a Source of Analogy | |
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The Chemical Medicine | |
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Analogies Drawn from the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms | |
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Sexual Symbolism | |
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Analogies for Chemical Processes | |
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Allegorical Time | |
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Description of the Goal of Alchemy | |
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Further Difficulties of Language | |
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The Special Use of Common Language | |
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Paradox | |
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Geometrical Representation | |
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Colour Symbolism | |
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Pictorial Representation | |
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Secret Names | |
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The Principle of Dispersion | |
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Codes | |
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The Dilemma of Alchemical Literature | |
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The Importance of the Written Word in the Alchemical Tradition | |
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The Limitations of Alchemical Literature | |
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The Reasons for Obscurity | |
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Intentional Obscurity | |
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Semantic Change | |
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Errors due to Faulty Translation and Copying | |
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The Effect of Obscurity in Alchemical Literature | |
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Early Chemical Terminology | |
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Early Terminology and Names Based on Physical Properties | |
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Introduction | |
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Ancient Terminology | |
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Methods of Naming Substances | |
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Colour as a Basis for Chemical Names | |
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Terminology based on Consistency and Crystalline Form | |
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Terminology based on the Senses of Taste and Smell | |
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Terminology Based on Other Considerations | |
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The Association of Metals and Related Compounds with the Planets | |
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Terminology based on the Names of Persons | |
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Terminology based on Place Names | |
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Terminology based on Medicinal Properties | |
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Terminology based on the Method of Preparation of a Substance | |
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The Growth of Chemistry | |
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Chemical Terminology in the Pharmacopoeias | |
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The Admission of New Substances into Chemistry | |
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Obscure, Mystical and Contradictory Terminology | |
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The Confusion caused by the Use of the Same Name for Different Substances or Different Names for the Same Substance | |
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The Confusion resulting from Semantic Change | |
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Simple Terminology not Adaptable in an Expanding Science | |
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The Growth in Knowledge of the Constituent Parts of Compounds | |
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The Move Towards Reform | |
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Criticisms of Terminology | |
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The Superiority of Names based on Composition | |
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Nomenclature by Definition | |
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The Need for Reform | |
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The Introduction of Systematic Nomenclature into Chemistry and the Acceptance of the 1787 Reform | |
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Early Examples of Systematic Nomenclature | |
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Similar Names for Compounds of Similar Chemical Constitution | |
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Latin Binomial Terms | |
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Macquer's Proposals | |
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The Reform of Nomenclature in Botany | |
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Early Botanical Nomenclature | |
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Linnaeus' reform | |
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Linnaeus' Influence on Bergman | |
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Bergman's Chemical Nomenclature | |
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Bergman's Nomenclature up to 1775 | |
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The Development of Bergman's Nomenclature | |
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Bergman's scheme of 1784 | |
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The Chemical Nomenclature Proposed by Guyton De Morveau | |
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Guyton's Early Dissatisfaction with Nomenclature | |
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The Influence of Bergman on Guyton | |
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Guyton's Memoir of 1782 | |
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Its reception by Guyton's Contemporaries | |
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Further Proposals by Guyton | |
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The Relationship between Guyton and Bergman | |
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The Events Leading up to the Publication of the 'Methode de Nomenclature Chimique' (1787) | |
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Lavoisier's Interest in Nomenclature | |
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Condillac's Influence | |
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Fourcroy and the Question of Nomenclature | |
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Berthollet | |
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The Collaboration of Guyton and Lavoisier | |
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The 'Methode de Nomenclature Chimique' and the Introduction of the Reformed Nomenclature in France | |
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Lavoisier's Memoir | |
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Guyton's Memoir | |
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Other Important Contents of the Methode | |
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Its Reception by the Academie | |
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Criticisms of the Nomenclature in France | |
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The Spread of the New Nomenclature in France | |
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The Reception of the New Nomenclature in Britain | |
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The Translation of the Methode | |
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English Translations of Fourcroy and Lavoisier | |
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A Translation of the Table of Nomenclature | |
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The Attitude to the New Nomenclature of Cavendish, Black and Priestley | |
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Keir's Criticisms | |
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Irish Views on the New Nomenclature | |
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The Influence of Bergman's Terminology in Britain | |
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The Names of the Alkalis | |
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Other Proposals for Chemical Nomenclature | |
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The Introduction of the New Terms as Synonyms | |
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The Acceptance of the New Nomenclature in Britain | |
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The Adoption of the New Nomenclature in other Countries | |
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Germany | |
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Sweden | |
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Italy | |
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Spain | |
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Portugal | |
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Russia | |
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America | |
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Early Nineteenth-Century Amendments and Improvements to the 1787 Reform in the Field of Inorganic Chemistry | |
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Early Moves towards a Quantitative Nomenclature | |
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The Part played by Thomas Thomson, Berzelius and Davy | |
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Chemical Symbolism | |
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Alchemical Symbols | |
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Origin | |
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Classification | |
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Interpretation | |
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Compound Symbols | |
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The Use of Alchemical Symbols in the Eighteenth Century | |
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The Symbols of Hassenfratz and Adet | |
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Dalton's Atomic Symbols | |
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The Symbols of Berzelius | |
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The Early Use of Abbreviations | |
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Berzelius' Symbols | |
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The General Adoption of Berzelius' Symbols | |
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The Language of Organic Chemistry | |
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The Beginnings of Organic Chemistry | |
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Early Organic Chemistry | |
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The Place of Organic Chemistry in the 1787 Reform of Nomenclature | |
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The Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds | |
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The Pyro-Acids and Destructive Distillation | |
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The vague Use of the Term 'Ether' | |
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Different Names for the Same Compound | |
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The Naming of Compounds by Word Contractions | |
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Nomenclature Based on Systems of Classification and Theories of Organic Chemistry | |
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Systematic Word-Endings | |
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The Radical Theory | |
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The Type Theory | |
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Dumas' Nomenclature | |
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Laurent's Nomenclature | |
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Gmelin's Nomenclature | |
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The 'New Type Theory' | |
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Systems of Classification | |
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The 'Copula' in Organic Chemistry | |
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The Representation of Organic Compounds by Formulae | |
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Confusion in the Use of Chemical Symbols | |
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'Rational' Formulae | |
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Isomerism | |
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Structural Formulae | |
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The Development of a Systematic Nomenclature for Organic Chemistry | |
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The Contributions of Berzelius, Gerhardt and Hofmann | |
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The Karlsruhe Congress | |
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Other Steps towards a Reform of Nomenclature | |
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The Geneva Congress | |
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The Twentieth Century | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index of Names | |
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Index of Subjects and Chemical Names | |