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Changing Conceptions of Philosophy | |
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Origin of philosophy in desire and imagination | |
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Influence of community traditions and authority | |
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Simultaneous development of matter-of-fact knowledge | |
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Incongruity and conflict of the two types | |
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Respective values of each type | |
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Classic philosophies (i) compensatory, (ii) dialectically formal, and (iii) concerned with "superior" Reality | |
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Contemporary thinking accepts primacy of matter-of-fact knowledge and assigns to philosophy a social function rather than that of absolute knowledge | |
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Some Historical Factors in Philosophical Reconstruction | |
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Francis Bacon exemplifies the newer spirit | |
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He conceived knowledge as power | |
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As dependent upon organized cooperative research | |
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As tested by promotion of social progress | |
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The new thought reflected actual social changes, industrial, political, religious | |
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The new idealism | |
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The Scientific Factor in Reconstruction of Philosophy | |
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Science has revolutionized our conception of Nature | |
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Philosophy has to be transformed because it no longer depends upon a science which accepts a closed, finite world | |
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Or, fixed species | |
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Or, superiority or rest to change and motion | |
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Contrast of feudal with democratic conceptions | |
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Elimination of final causes | |
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Mechanical science and the possibility of control of nature | |
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Respect for matter | |
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New temper of imagination | |
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Influence thus far technical rather than human and moral | |
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Changed Conceptions of Experience and Reason | |
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Traditional conception of nature of experience | |
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Limits of ancient civilization | |
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Effect of classic idea on modern empiricism | |
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Why a different conception is now possible | |
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Psychological change emphasizes vital factor using environment | |
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Effect upon traditional ideas of sensation and knowledge | |
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Factor of organization | |
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Socially, experience is now more inventive and regulative | |
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Corresponding change in idea of Reason | |
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Intelligence is hypothetical and inventive | |
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Weakness of historic Rationalism | |
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Kantianism | |
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Contrast of German and British philosophies | |
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Reconstruction of empirical liberalism | |
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Changed Conceptions of the Ideal and the Real | |
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Idealization rooted in aversion to the disagreeable | |
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This fact has affected philosophy | |
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True reality is ideal, and hence changeless, complete | |
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Hence contemplative knowledge is higher than experimental | |
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Contrast with the modern practise of knowledge | |
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Significance of change | |
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The actual or realistic signifies conditions effecting change | |
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Ideals become methods rather than goals | |
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Illustration from elimination of distance | |
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Change in conception of philosophy | |
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The significant problems for philosophy | |
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Social understanding and conciliation | |
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The practical problem of real and ideal | |
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The Significance of Logical Reconstruction | |
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Present confusion as to logic | |
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Logic is regulative and normative because empirical | |
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Illustration from mathematics | |
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Origin of thinking in conflicts | |
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Confrontation with fact | |
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Response by anticipation or prediction | |
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Importance of hypotheses | |
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Impartial inquiry | |
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Importance of deductive function | |
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Organization and classification | |
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Nature of truth | |
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Truth is adverbial, not a thing | |
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Reconstruction in Moral Conceptions | |
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Common factor in traditional theories | |
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Every moral situation unique | |
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Supremacy of the specific or individualized case | |
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Fallacy of general ends | |
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Worth of generalization of ends and rules is intellectual | |
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Harmfulness of division of goods into intrinsic and instrumental | |
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Into natural and moral | |
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Moral worth of natural science | |
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Importance of discovery in morals | |
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Abolishing Phariseeism | |
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Growth as the end | |
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Optimism and pessimism | |
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Conception of happiness | |
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Criticism of utilitarianism | |
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All life moral in so far as educative | |
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Reconstruction as Affecting Social Philosophy | |
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Defects of current logic of social thought | |
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Neglect of specific situations | |
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Defects of organic concept of society | |
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Evils of notion of fixed self or individual | |
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Doctrine of interests | |
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Moral and institutional reform | |
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Moral test of social institutions | |
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Social pluralism | |
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Political monism, dogma of National State | |
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Primacy of associations | |
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International humanism | |
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Organization a subordinate conception | |
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Freedom and democracy | |
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Intellectual reconstruction when habitual will affect imagination and hence poetry and religion | |
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Index | |