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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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Origins of Chemical Thermodynamics | |
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Objectives of Chemical Thermodynamics | |
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Limitations of Classic Thermodynamics | |
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References | |
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Mathematical Preparation For Thermodynamics | |
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Variables of Thermodynamics | |
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Extensive and Intensive Quantities | |
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Units and Conversion Factors | |
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Analytic Methods | |
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Partial Differentiation | |
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Exact Differentials | |
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Homogeneous Functions | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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The First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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Definitions | |
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Temperature | |
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Work | |
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The First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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Energy | |
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Heat | |
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General Form of the First Law | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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Enthalpy, Enthalpy of Reaction, and Heat Capacity | |
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Enthalpy | |
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Definition | |
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Relationship between Q v and Q p | |
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Enthalpy of Reactions | |
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Definitions and Conventions | |
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Enthalpy as a State Function | |
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Enthalpy of Formation from Enthalpy of Reaction | |
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Enthalpy of Formation from Enthalpy of Combustion | |
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Enthalpy of Transition from Enthalpy of Combustion | |
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Enthalpy of Conformational Transition of a Protein from Indirect Calorimetric Measurements | |
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Enthalpy of Solid-State Reaction from Measurements of Enthalpy of Solution | |
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Bond Enthalpies | |
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Definition of Bond Enthalpies | |
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Calculation of Bond Enthalpies | |
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Enthalpy of Reaction from Bond Enthalpies | |
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Heat Capacity | |
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Definition | |
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Some Relationships between C p and C v | |
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Heat Capacities of Gases | |
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Heat Capacities of Solids | |
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Heat Capacities of Liquids | |
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Other Sources of Heat Capacity Data | |
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Enthalpy of Reaction as a Function of Temperature | |
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Analytic Method | |
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Arithmetic Method | |
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Graphical or Numerical Methods | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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Applications of the First Law to Gases | |
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Ideal Gases | |
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Definition | |
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Enthalpy as a Function of Temperature Only | |
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Relationship Between C p and C v | |
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Calculation of the Thermodynamic Changes in Expansion Processes | |
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Real Gases | |
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Equations of State | |
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Joule-Thomson Effect | |
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Calculations of Thermodynamic Quantities in Reversible Expansions | |
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Exercises | |
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References | |
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
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The Need for a Second Law | |
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The Nature of the Second Law | |
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Natural Tendencies Toward Equilibrium | |
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Statement of the Second Law | |
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Mathematical Counterpart of the Verbal Statement | |
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The Carnot Cycle | |
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The Forward Cycle | |
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The Reverse Cycle | |
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Alternative Statement of the Second Law | |
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Carnot's Theorem | |
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The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale | |
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The Definition of S, the Entropy of a System | |
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The Proof that S is a Thermodynamic Property | |
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Any Substance in a Carnot Cycle | |
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Any Substance in Any Reversible Cycle | |
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Entropy S Depends Only on the State of the System | |
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Entropy Changes in Reversible Processes | |
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General Statement | |
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Isothermal Reversible Changes | |
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Adiabatic Reversible Changes | |
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Reversible Phase Transitions | |
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Isobaric Reversible Temperature Changes | |
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Isochoric Reversible Temperature Changes | |
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Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes | |
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Irreversible Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas | |
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Irreversible Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas | |
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Irreversible Flow of Heat from a Higher Temperature to a Lower Temperature | |
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Irreversible Phase Transitions | |
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Irreversible Chemical Reactions | |
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General Statement | |
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General Equations for the Entropy of Gases | |
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Entropy of the Ideal Gas | |
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Entropy of a Real Gas | |
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Temperature-Entropy Diagram | |
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Entropy as an Index of Exh | |