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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Fuel Cell Principles | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is a Fuel Cell? | |
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| A Simple Fuel Cell | |
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| Fuel Cell Advantages | |
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| Fuel Cell Disadvantages | |
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| Fuel Cell Types | |
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| Basic Fuel Cell Operation | |
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| Fuel Cell Performance | |
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| Characterization and Modeling | |
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| Fuel Cell Technology | |
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| Fuel Cells and the Environment | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Exercises | |
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| Fuel Cell Thermodynamics | |
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| Thermodynamics Review | |
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| What Is Thermodynamics? | |
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| Internal Energy | |
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| First Law | |
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| Second Law | |
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| Thermodynamic Potentials | |
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| Molar Quantities | |
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| Standard State | |
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| Reversibility | |
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| Heat Potential of a Fuel: Enthalpy of Reaction | |
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| Calculating Reaction Enthalpies | |
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| Temperature Dependence of Enthalpy | |
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| Work Potential of a Fuel: Gibbs Free Energy | |
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| Calculating Gibbs Free Energies | |
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| Relationship between Gibbs Free Energy and Electrical Work | |
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| Relationship between Gibbs Free Energy and Reaction Spontaneity | |
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| Relationship between Gibbs Free Energy and Voltage | |
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| Standard Electrode Potentials: Computing Reversible Voltages | |
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| Predicting Reversible Voltage of a Fuel Cell under Non-Standard-State Conditions | |
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| Reversible Voltage Variation with Temperature | |
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| Reversible Voltage Variation with Pressure | |
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| Reversible Voltage Variation with Concentration: Nernst Equation | |
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| Concentration Cells | |
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| Summary | |
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| Fuel Cell Efficiency | |
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| Ideal Reversible Fuel Cell Efficiency | |
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| Real (Practical) Fuel Cell Efficiency | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Exercises | |
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| Fuel Cell Reaction Kinetics | |
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| Introduction to Electrode Kinetics | |
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| Electrochemical Reactions Are Different from Chemical Reactions | |
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| Electrochemical Processes Are Heterogeneous | |
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| Current Is a Rate | |
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| Charge Is an Amount | |
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| Current Density Is More Fundamental Than Current | |
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| Potential Controls Electron Energy | |
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| Reaction Rates Are Finite | |
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| Why Charge Transfer Reactions Have an Activation Energy | |
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| Activation Energy Determines Reaction Rate | |
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| Calculating Net Rate of a Reaction | |
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| Rate of Reaction at Equilibrium: Exchange Current Density | |
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| Potential of a Reaction at Equilibrium: Galvani Potential | |
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| Potential and Rate: Butler-Volmer Equation | |
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| Exchange Currents and Electrocatalysis: How to Improve Kinetic Performance | |
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| Increase Reactant Concentration | |
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| Decrease Activation Barrier | |
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| Increase Temperature | |
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| Increase Reaction Sites | |
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| Simplified Activation Kinetics: Tafel Equation | |
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| Different Fuel Cell Reactions Produce Different Kinetics | |
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| Catalyst-Electrode Design | |
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| Quantum Mechanics: Framework for Understanding Catalysis in Fuel Cells | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Exercises | |
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| Fuel Cell Charge Transport | |
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| Charges Move in Response to Forces | |
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| Charge Transport Results in a Voltage Loss | |
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| Characteristics of Fuel Cell Charge Transport Resistance | |
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| Resistance Scales with Area | |
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| Resistance Scales with Thickness | |
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| Fuel Cell Resistances Are Additive | |
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| Ionic (Electrolyte) Resistance Usually Dominates | |
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| Physical Meaning of Conductivity | |
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| Electronic versus Ionic Conductors | |
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| Electron Conductivity in a Metal | |
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| Ion Conductivity in a Crystalline Solid Electrolyte | |
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| Review of Fuel Cell Electrolyte Classes | |
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| Ionic Conduction in Aqueous Electrolytes/Ionic Liquids | |
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| Ionic Conduction in Polymer Electrolytes | |
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| Ionic Conduction in Ceramic Electrolytes | |
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| More on Diffusivity and Conductivity (Optional) | |
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| Atomistic Origins of Diffusivity | |
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| Relationship between Conductivity and Diffusivity (1) | |
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| Relationship between Diffusivity and Conductivity (2) | |
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| Why Electrical Driving Forces Dominate Charge Transport (Optional) | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Exercises | |
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| Fuel Cell Mass Transport | |
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| Transport in Electrode versus Flow Structure | |
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| Transport in Electrode: Diffusive Transport | |
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| Electrochemical Reaction Drives Diffusion | |
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| Limiting Current Density | |
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| Concentration Affects Nernst Voltage | |
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| Concentration Affects Reaction Rate | |
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| Summary of Fuel Cell Concentration Loss | |
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| Transport in Flow Structures: Convective Transport | |
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| Fluid Mechanics Review | |
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| Mass Transport in Flow Channels | |
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| Gas Is Depleted along Flow Channel | |
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| Flow Structure Design | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Exercises | |
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| Fuel Cell Modeling | |
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| Putting It All Together: A Basic Fuel Cell Model | |
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| A 1D Fuel Cell Model | |
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| Flux Balance in Fuel Cells | |
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| Simplifying Assumptions | |
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| Governing Equations | |
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| Examples | |
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| Additional Considerations | |
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| Fuel Cell Models Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (Optional) | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Exercises | |
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| Fuel Cell Characterization | |
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| What Do We Want to Characterize? | |
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| Overview of Characterization Techniques | |
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| In Situ Electrochemical Characterization Techniques | |
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| Fundamental Electrochemical Variables: Voltage, Current, and Time | |
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| Basic Fuel Cell Test Station Requirements | |
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| Current-Voltage Measurement | |
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| Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy | |
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| Current Interrupt Measurement | |
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| Cyclic Voltammetry | |
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| Ex Situ Characterization Techniques | |
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| Porosity Determination | |
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| BET Surface Area Determination | |
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| Gas Permeability | |
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| Structure Determinations | |
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| Chemical Determinations | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Exercises | |
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| Fuel Cell Technology | |
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| Overview of Fuel Cell Types | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | |
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| Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | |
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| Alkaline Fuel Cell | |
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| Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell | |
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| Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell | |
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| Summary Comparison | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Exercises | |
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| Overview of Fuel Cell Systems | |
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| Fuel Cell Stack (Fuel Cell Subsystem) | |
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| The Thermal Management Subsystem | |
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| Fuel Delivery/Processing Subsystem | |
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| H[subscript 2] Storage | |
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| Using a H[subscript 2] Carrier | |
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| Fuel Delivery/Processing Subsystem Summary | |
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| Power Electronics Subsystem | |
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| Power Regulation | |
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| Power Inversion | |
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| Monitoring and Control System | |
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| Power Supply Management | |
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| Case Study of Fuel Cell System Design: Sizing a Portable Fuel Cell | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Exercises | |
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| Fuel Cell System Integration and Subsystem Design | |
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| Integrated Overview of Four Primary Subsystems | |
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| Fuel Processor Subsystem | |
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| Fuel Cell Subsystem | |
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| Power Electronics Subsystem | |
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| Thermal Management Subsystem | |
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| Net Electrical and Heat Recovery Efficiencies | |
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| External Reforming: Fuel Processing Subsystems | |
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| Fuel Reforming Overview | |
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| Steam Reforming | |
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| Partial Oxidation Reforming | |
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| Autothermal Reforming (AR) | |
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| Water-Gas Shift Reactors | |
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| Carbon Monoxide Clean-Up | |
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| Selective Methanation of Carbon Monoxide to Methane | |
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| Selective Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide to Carbon Dioxide | |
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| Pressure Swing Adsorption | |
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| Palladium Membrane Separation | |
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| Thermal Management Subsystem | |
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| Overview of Pinch Point Analysis Steps | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Exercises | |
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| Environmental Impact of Fuel Cells | |
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| Life Cycle Assessment | |
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| Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool | |
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| Life Cycle Assessment Applied to Fuel Cells | |
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| Important Emissions for LCA | |
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| Emissions Related to Global Warming | |
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| Climate Change | |
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| Natural Greenhouse Effect | |
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| Global Warming | |
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| Evidence of Global Warming | |
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| Hydrogen as a Potential Contributor to Global Warming | |
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| Quantifying Environmental Impact-Carbon Dioxide Equivalent | |
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| Quantifying Environmental Impact-External Costs of Global Warming | |
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| Emissions Related to Air Pollution | |
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| Hydrogen as a Potential Contributor to Air Pollution | |
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| Quantifying Environmental Impact-Health Effects of Air Pollution | |
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| Quantifying Environmental Impact-External Costs of Air Pollution | |
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| Analyzing Entire Scenarios with LCA | |
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| Electric Power Scenario | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Exercises | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| Constants and Conversions | |
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| Thermodynamic Data | |
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| Standard Electrode Potentials at 25[degree]C | |
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| Quantum Mechanics | |
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| Atomic Orbitals | |
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| Postulates of Quantum Mechanics | |
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| One-Dimensional Electron Gas | |
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| Analogy to Column Buckling | |
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| Hydrogen Atom | |
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| Governing Equations of Cfd Fuel Cell Model | |
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| Periodic Table of the Elements | |
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| Suggested Further Reading | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Important Equations | |
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| Index | |