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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Credits | |
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Two Case Studies in Creativity | |
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Beliefs about Creativity | |
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Two Case Studies in Creativity | |
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Creativity in Science: Discovery of the Double Helix | |
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Conclusions: Watson and Crick's Discovery of the Double Helix | |
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Artistic Creativity: Development of Picasso's Guernica | |
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Structure in Creative Thinking: Conclusions from the Case Studies | |
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Revisiting the Question of Artistic Creativity versus Scientific Discovery | |
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Beyond Case Studies: Outline of the Book | |
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The Study of Creativity | |
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Outline of the Chapter | |
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Creative Product, Creative Process, and Creative Person: Questions of Definition | |
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Method versus Theory in the Study of Creativity | |
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Methods of Studying Creativity | |
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An Introduction to Theories of Creativity | |
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The Cognitive Perspective on Creativity, Part I: Ordinary Thinking, Creative Thinking, and Problem Solving | |
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Outline of the Chapter | |
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Basic Cognitive Components of Ordinary Thinking | |
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General Characteristics of Ordinary Thinking | |
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Creative Thinking and Ordinary Thinking: Conclusions | |
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The Cognitive Analysis of Problem Solving | |
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An Example of Problem Solving | |
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Solving a Problem: Questions of Definition | |
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A Brief History of the Cognitive Perspective on Problem Solving | |
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Problem Solving: Processes of Understanding and Search | |
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Strategies for Searching Problem Spaces | |
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Weak Heuristic Methods of Problem Solving and Creative Thinking: Conclusions | |
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The Cognitive Perspective on Creativity, Part II: Knowledge and Expertise in Problem Solving | |
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Outline of the Chapter | |
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Use of Knowledge in Problem Solving: Studies of Analogical Transfer | |
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Strong Methods in Problem Solving: Studies of Expertise | |
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Outline of a Cognitive-Analytic Model of Problem Solving: Strong and Weak Methods in Problem Solving | |
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The Cognitive Perspective on Problem Solving and Creativity: Conclusions and Implications | |
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The Creative Cognition Approach: A Botton-Up Analysis of Creative Thinking | |
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Skepticism about Expertise and Creativity | |
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Practice or Talent? | |
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Expertise and Achievement: Reproductive or Productive? | |
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Expertise, Knowledge, and Experience versus Creativity: The Tension View | |
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The Cognitive Perspective on Problem Solving and Creativity: Conclusions | |
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Case Studies of Creativity: Ordinary Thinking in the Arts, Science, and Invention | |
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Outline of the Chapter | |
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Basic Components of Ordinary Thinking | |
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The 10-Year Rule in Creative Development | |
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Case Studies of Creativity in the Visual Arts | |
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Case Studies of Creativity in Science | |
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Scientific Creativity: Scientific Discovery as Problem Solving | |
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The Wright Brothers' Invention of the Airplane | |
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Thomas Edison as a Creative Thinker: Themes and Variations Based on Analogy | |
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James Watt's Invention of the Steam Engine | |
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Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin | |
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Ordinary Thinking in Invention: Summary | |
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Case Studies of Creativity: Conclusions | |
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The Question of Insight in Problem Solving | |
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Outline of the Chapter | |
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The Gestalt Analysis of Insight: Problem Solving and Perception | |
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Evidence to Support the Gestalt View | |
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The Neo-Gestalt View: Heuristic-Based Restructuring in Response to Impasse | |
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Challenges to the Gestalt View | |
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An Elaboration of the Cognitive-Analytic Model to Deal with Restructuring and Insight | |
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A Critical Reexamination of Evidence in Support of the Gestalt View | |
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Insight in Problem Solving: Conclusions and Implications | |
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Out of One's Mind, Part I: Muses, Primary Process, and Madness | |
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Outline of the Chapter | |
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Messengers of the Gods | |
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Primary Process and Creativity | |
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Genius and Madness: Bipolarity and Creativity | |
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Mood Disorders and Creativity: The Question of Causality | |
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The Role of Affect in Creativity | |
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Genius and Madness: Schizophrenia and Creativity | |
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Social Factors and Genius and Madness | |
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A Reconsideration of Some Basic Data | |
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Genius and Madness: Conclusions | |
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Out of One's Mind, Part II: Unconscious Processing, Incubation, and Illumination | |
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Outline of the Chapter | |
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Unconscious Associations and Unconscious Processing | |
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Poincare's Theory of Unconscious Creative Processes | |
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Wallas's Stages of the Creative Process | |
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Hadamard's Studies of Unconscious Thinking in Incubation | |
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Koestler's Bisociation Theory | |
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Campbell's Evolutionary Theory of Creativity: Blind Variation and Selective Retention | |
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Simonton's Chance Configuration Theory | |
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Csikszentmihalyi's Theory of the Unconscious in Creative Thinking | |
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Unconscious Thinking in Creativity: Conclusions | |
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Laboratory Investigations of Incubation and Illumination | |
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Evidence for Incubation and Illumination: A Critique | |
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Illumination without Unconscious Processing? | |
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Incubation, Illumination, and the Unconscious: Conclusions | |
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The Psychometric Perspective, Part I: Measuring the Capacity to Think Creatively | |
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Outline of the Chapter | |
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Guilford and the Modern Psychometric Perspective on Creativity | |
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Methods of Measuring Creativity | |
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Cognitive Components of the Creative Process: Testing for Creative-Thinking Ability | |
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Testing the Tests: The Reliability and Validity of Tests of Creative-Thinking Capacity | |
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The Generality versus Domain Specificity of Creative-Thinking Skills | |
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Testing Creativity: Conclusions | |
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The Psychometric Perspective, Part II: The Search for the Creative Personality | |
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Creative versus Comparison or Control Groups | |
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Questions about Method in Studies of the Creative Personality | |
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A Model of the Role of Creative Personality in Creative Achievement in Science | |
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Is It Futile to Search for The Creative Personality in the Arts and the Sciences? | |
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Creativity and the Need to Be Original: A Reexamination of Divergent Thinking and Creativity | |
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Personality, Cognition, and Creativity Reconsidered: The Question of Openness to Experience and Creativity | |
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Divergent Thinking and the Creative Personality: Conclusions | |
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Confluence Models of Creativity | |
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Outline of the Chapter | |
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The Social Psychology of Creativity: Amabile's Componential Model | |
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Economic Theory of Creativity: Buy Low, Sell High | |
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The Darwinian Theory of Creativity | |
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Confluence Models of Creativity: Summary | |
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Understanding Creativity: Where Are We? Where Are We Going? | |
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Outline of the Chapter | |
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Ordinary versus Extraordinary Processes in Creativity | |
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Ordinary Thinking in Creativity | |
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Extraordinary Processes in Creativity? | |
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On Using Case Studies to Study Creativity | |
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Is It Possible to Test the Hypothesis That "Ordinary Thinking" Is the Basis for Creativity? | |
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On Creative Ideas and Creative People | |
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References | |
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Index | |