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| Preface | |
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| Definition and Importance of Corrosion | |
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| Definition of Corrosion | |
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| Corrosion Science and Corrosion Engineering | |
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| Importance of Corrosion | |
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| Risk Management | |
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| Causes of Corrosion | |
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| Change in Gibbs Free Energy | |
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| Pilling-Bedworth Ratio | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Electrochemical Mechanisms | |
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| The Dry-Cell Analogy and Faraday's Law | |
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| Definition of Anode and Cathode | |
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| Types of Cells | |
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| Types of Corrosion Damage | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Thermodynamics: Corrosion Tendency and Electrode Potentials | |
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| Change of Gibbs Free Energy | |
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| Measuring the Emf of a Cell | |
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| Calculating the Half-Cell Potential-The Nernst Equation | |
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| The Hydrogen Electrode and the Standard Hydrogen Scale | |
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| Convention of Signs and Calculation of Emf | |
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| Measurement of pH | |
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| The Oxygen Electrode and Differential Aeration Cell | |
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| The Emf and Galvanic Series | |
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| Liquid Junction Potentials | |
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| Reference Electrodes | |
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| Calomel Reference Electrode | |
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| Silver-Silver Chloride Reference Electrode | |
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| Saturated Copper-Copper Sulfate Reference Electrode | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Thermodynamics: Pourbaix Diagrams | |
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| Basis of Pourbaix Diagrams | |
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| Pourbaix Diagram for Water | |
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| Pourbaix Diagram for Iron | |
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| Pourbaix Diagram for Aluminum | |
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| Pourbaix Diagram for Magnesium | |
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| Limitations of Pourbaix Diagrams | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problem | |
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| Kinetics: Polarization and Corrosion Rates | |
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| Polarization | |
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| The Polarized Cell | |
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| How Polarization Is Measured | |
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| Calculation of IR Drop in an Electrolyte | |
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| Causes of Polarization | |
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| Hydrogen Overpotential | |
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| Polarization Diagrams of Corroding Metals | |
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| Influence of Polarization on Corrosion Rate | |
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| Calculation of Corrosion Rates from Polarization Data | |
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| Anode-Cathode Area Ratio | |
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| Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy | |
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| Theory of Cathodic Protection | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Passivity | |
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| Definition | |
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| Characteristics of Passivation and the Flade Potential | |
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| Behavior of Passivators | |
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| Passivation of Iron by HNO[subscript 3] | |
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| Anodic Protection and Transpassivity | |
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| Theories of Passivity | |
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| More Stable Passive Films with Time | |
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| Action of Chloride Ions and Passive-Active Cells | |
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| Critical Pitting Potential | |
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| Critical Pitting Temperature | |
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| Passivity of Alloys | |
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| Nickel-Copper Alloys | |
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| Other Alloys | |
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| Effect of Cathodic Polarization and Catalysis | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Iron and Steel | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Aqueous Environments | |
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| Effect of Dissolved Oxygen | |
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| Effect of Temperature | |
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| Effect of pH | |
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| Effect of Galvanic Coupling | |
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| Effect of Velocity on Corrosion in Natural Waters | |
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| Effect of Dissolved Salts | |
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| Metallurgical Factors | |
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| Varieties of Iron and Steel | |
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| Effects of Composition | |
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| Effect of Heat Treatment | |
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| Steel Reinforcements in Concrete | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Effect of Stress | |
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| Cold Working | |
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| Stress-Corrosion Cracking | |
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| Iron and Steel | |
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| Mechanism of Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Steel and Other Metals | |
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| Electrochemical Dissolution | |
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| Film-Induced Cleavage | |
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| Adsorption-Induced Localized Slip | |
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| Stress Sorption | |
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| Initiation of Stress-Corrosion Cracking and Critical Potentials | |
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| Rate of Crack Growth (Fracture Mechanics) | |
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| Hydrogen Damage | |
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| Mechanism of Hydrogen Damage | |
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| Effect of Metal Flaws | |
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| Radiation Damage | |
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| Corrosion Fatigue | |
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| Critical Minimum Corrosion Rates | |
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| Remedial Measures | |
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| Mechanism of Corrosion Fatigue | |
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| Fretting Corrosion | |
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| Mechanism of Fretting Corrosion | |
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| Remedial Measures | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Atmospheric Corrosion | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of Atmospheres | |
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| Corrosion-Product Films | |
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| Factors Influencing Corrosivity of the Atmosphere | |
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| Particulate Matter | |
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| Gases in the Atmosphere | |
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| Moisture (Critical Humidity) | |
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| Remedial Measures | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Corrosion in Soils | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Factors Affecting the Corrosivity of Soils | |
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| Bureau of Standards Tests | |
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| Pitting Characteristics | |
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| Stress-Corrosion Cracking | |
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| Remedial Measures | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Oxidation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Initial Stages | |
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| Thermodynamics of Oxidation: Free Energy-Temperature Diagram | |
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| Protective and Nonprotective Scales | |
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| Three Equations of Oxidation | |
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| Wagner Theory of Oxidation | |
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| Oxide Properties and Oxidation | |
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| Galvanic Effects and Electrolysis of Oxides | |
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| Hot Ash Corrosion | |
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| Hot Corrosion | |
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| Oxidation of Copper | |
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| Internal Oxidation | |
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| Reaction with Hydrogen ("Hydrogen Disease") | |
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| Oxidation of Iron and Iron Alloys | |
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| Life Test for Oxidation-Resistant Wires | |
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| Oxidation-Resistant Alloys | |
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| Reactive Element Effect (REE) | |
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| Chromium-Iron Alloys | |
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| Chromium-Aluminum-Iron Alloys | |
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| Nickel and Nickel Alloys | |
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| Furnace Windings | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Stray-Current Corrosion | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sources of Stray Currents | |
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| Quantitative Damage by Stray Currents | |
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| Detection of Stray Currents | |
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| Soil-Resistivity Measurement | |
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| Means for Reducing Stray-Current Corrosion | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Cathodic Protection | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Brief History | |
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| How Applied | |
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| Sacrificial Anodes | |
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| Combined Use with Coatings | |
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| Magnitude of Current Required | |
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| Anode Materials and Backfill | |
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| Overprotection | |
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| Criteria of Protection | |
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| Potential Measurements | |
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| Doubtful Criteria | |
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| Position of Reference Electrode | |
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| Economics of Cathodic Protection | |
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| Anodic Protection | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Metallic Coatings | |
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| Methods of Application | |
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| Classification of Coatings | |
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| Specific Metal Coatings | |
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| Nickel Coatings | |
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| Lead Coatings | |
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| Zinc Coatings | |
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| Cadmium Coatings | |
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| Tin Coatings | |
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| Chromium-Plated Steel for Containers | |
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| Aluminum Coatings | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Inorganic Coatings | |
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| Vitreous Enamels | |
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| Portland Cement Coatings | |
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| Chemical Conversion Coatings | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Organic Coatings | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Paints | |
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| Requirements for Corrosion Protection | |
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| Metal Surface Preparation | |
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| Cleaning All Dirt, Oils, and Greases from the Surface | |
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| Complete Removal of Rust and Mill Scale | |
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| Applying Paint Coatings | |
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| Wash Primer | |
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| Painting of Aluminum and Zinc | |
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| Filiform Corrosion | |
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| Theory of Filiform Corrosion | |
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| Plastic Linings | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Inhibitors and Passivators | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Passivators | |
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| Mechanism of Passivation | |
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| Applications of Passivators | |
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| Pickling Inhibitors | |
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| Applications of Pickling Inhibitors | |
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| Slushing Compounds | |
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| Vapor-Phase Inhibitors | |
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| Inhibitor to Reduce Tarnishing of Copper | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Treatment of Water and Steam Systems | |
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| Deaeration and Deactivation | |
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| Hot- and Cold-Water Treatment | |
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| Cooling Waters | |
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| Boiler-Water Treatment | |
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| Boiler Corrosion | |
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| Boiler-Water Treatment for Corrosion Control | |
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| Mechanisms | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Alloying for Corrosion Resistance; Stainless Steels | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Stainless Steels | |
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| Brief History | |
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| Classes and Types | |
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| Intergranular Corrosion | |
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| Pitting and Crevice Corrosion | |
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| Stress-Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Cracking | |
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| Cracking of Sensitized Austenitic Alloys in Polythionic Acids | |
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| Galvanic Coupling and General Corrosion Resistance | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Copper and Copper Alloys | |
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| Copper | |
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| Corrosion in Natural Waters | |
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| Copper Alloys | |
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| Copper-Zinc Alloys (Brasses) | |
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| Dealloying/Dezincification | |
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| Stress-Corrosion Cracking (Season Cracking) | |
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| Condenser Tube Alloys Including Copper-Nickel Alloys | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys | |
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| Aluminum | |
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| Clad Alloys | |
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| Corrosion in Water and Steam | |
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| Effect of pH | |
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| Corrosion Characteristics | |
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| Galvanic Coupling | |
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| Aluminum Alloys | |
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| Stress-Corrosion Cracking | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Magnesium | |
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| Magnesium Alloys | |
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| Stress-Corrosion Cracking | |
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| Coatings | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Nickel and Nickel Alloys | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nickel | |
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| Nickel Alloys | |
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| General Behavior | |
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| Ni-Cu System: Alloy 400-70% Ni, 30% Cu | |
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| Ni-Cr-Fe System: Alloy 600-76% Ni, 16% Cr, 7% Fe | |
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| Ni-Mo System: Alloy B-60% Ni, 30% Mo, 5% Fe | |
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| Ni-Cr-Fe-Mo-Cu System: Alloy G-Ni, 22% Cr, 20% Fe, 6.5% Mo, 2% Cu | |
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| Ni-Cr-Mo System: Alloy C-54% Ni, 15% Cr, 16% Mo, 4% W, 5% Fe | |
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| Ni-Fe-Cr System: Alloy 825-Ni, 31% Fe, 22% Cr | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cobalt Alloys | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Titanium | |
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| Titanium | |
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| Titanium Alloys | |
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| Pitting and Crevice Corrosion | |
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| Intergranular Corrosion and Stress-Corrosion Cracking | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Problem | |
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| Zirconium | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Zirconium Alloys | |
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| Behavior in Hot Water and Steam | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Tantalum | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Corrosion Behavior | |
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| References | |
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| General Reference | |
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| Lead | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Corrosion Behavior of Lead and Lead Alloys | |
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| Lead-Acid Battery | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| General References | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Activity and Activity Coefficients of Strong Electrolytes | |
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| Derivation of Stern-Geary Equation for Calculating Corrosion Rates from Polarization Data Obtained at Low Current Densities | |
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| The General Equation | |
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| Derivation of Equation Expressing the Saturation Index of a Natural Water | |
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| Derivation of Potential Change along a Cathodically Protected Pipeline | |
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| Derivation of the Equation for Potential Drop along the Soil Surface Created by Current Entering or Leaving a Buried Pipe | |
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| Derivation of the Equation for Determining Resistivity of Soil by Four-Electrode Method | |
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| Derivation of the Equation Expressing Weight Loss by Fretting Corrosion | |
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| Conversion Factors | |
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| Additional Conversion Factors | |
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| Current Density Equivalent to a Corrosion Rate of 1 gmd | |
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| Standard Potentials | |
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| Notation and Abbreviations | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |