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Foreword | |
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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Occupational Biomechanics as a Specialty | |
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Definition of Occupational Biomechanics | |
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Historical Development of Occupational Biomechanics | |
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Kinesiological Developments | |
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Developments in Biomechanical Modeling | |
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Developments in Anthropometry | |
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Methods for Evaluating Mechanical Work Capacity | |
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Developments in Bioinstrumentation | |
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Developments in Motion Classification and Time Prediction Systems | |
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The Need for an Occupational Biomechanics Specialty | |
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Epidemiological Support for Occupational Biomechanics | |
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Social and Legal Support for Occupational Biomechanics | |
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Ergonomic Support for Occupational Biomechanics | |
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Who Uses Occupational Biomechanics? | |
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Organization of The Book | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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The Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System | |
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Introduction | |
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Connective Tissue | |
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Ligaments, Tendons, and Fascia | |
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Cartilage | |
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Bone | |
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Skeletal Muscle | |
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The Structure of Muscles | |
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The Molecular Basis of Muscle Contraction | |
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The Energy Metabolism of Muscle | |
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The Nerve Impulse Causing Muscle Contraction | |
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Mechanical Aspects of Muscle Contraction | |
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Muscle Fatigue | |
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Quantification and Prediction of Fatigue | |
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Age and Gender Sensitivity to Fatigue | |
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The Action of Muscles | |
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Joints | |
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The Synovial Joint | |
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Joint Lubrication | |
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Osteoarthritis | |
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Intervertebral Discs | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Anthropometry in Occupational Biomechanics | |
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Measurement of Physical Properties of Body Segments | |
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Body-segment Link Length Measurement Methods | |
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Body-segment Volume and Weight | |
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Body-segment Locations of Center of Mass | |
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Body-segment Inertial Property Measurement Methods | |
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Anthropometric Data for Biomechanical Studies in Industry | |
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Segment Link Length Data | |
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Segment Weight Data | |
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Segment Mass-center Location Data | |
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Segment Moment-of-Inertia and Radius-of-Gyration Data | |
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Summary of Anthropometry in Occupational Biomechanics | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Mechanical Work Capacity Evaluation | |
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Introduction | |
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Joint Motion: Methods and Data | |
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Methods of Measuring Joint Motion | |
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Normal Ranges of Joint Motion | |
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Factors Affecting Range-of-Motion Data | |
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Muscle Strength Evaluation | |
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Definition of Muscular Strength | |
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Static and Dynamic Strength-Testing Methods | |
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Population Muscle Strength Values | |
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Personal Factors Affecting Strength | |
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Summary and Limitations of Mechanical Work-Capacity Data | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Bioinstrumentation for Occupational Biomechanics | |
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Introduction | |
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Human Motion Analysis Systems | |
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Basis for Measuring Human Motion | |
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Muscle Activity Measurement | |
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Applied Electromyography | |
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Mechanomyography | |
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Intramuscular Pressure | |
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Muscle Strength Measurement Systems | |
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Localized Static Strength Measurement Systems | |
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Whole-Body Static Strength Measurement System | |
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Whole-Body Dynamic Strength Measurement System | |
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Intradiscal Pressure Measurement | |
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Measurement Concept | |
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Intradiscal Pressure Measurement System | |
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Applications and Limitations in Occupational Biomechanics | |
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Intra-Abdominal (Intragastric) Measurements | |
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Measurement Development | |
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Measurement System | |
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Applications and Limitations in Occupational Biomechanics | |
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Seat Pressure Measurement Systems | |
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Stature Measurement System | |
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Force Platform System | |
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Foot and Hand Force Measurement System | |
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Measurement of Vibration in Humans | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Occupational Biomechanical Models | |
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Why Model? | |
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Planar Static Biomechanical Models | |
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Single-body-segment Static Model | |
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Two-body-segment Static Model | |
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Static Planar Model of Nonparallel Forces | |
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Planar Static Analysis of Internal Forces | |
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Multiple-Link Coplanar Static Modeling | |
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Three-Dimensional Modeling of Static Strength | |
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Dynamic Biomechanical Models | |
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Single-segment Dynamic Biomechanical Model | |
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Multiple-segment Biodynamic Model of Load Lifting | |
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Coplanar Biomechanical Models of Foot Slip Potential While Pushing a Cart | |
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Special-Purpose Biomechanical Models of Occupational Tasks | |
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Low-back Biomechanical Models | |
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Biomechanical Models of the Wrist and Hand | |
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Modeling Muscle Strength | |
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Future Developments in Occupational Biomechanical Models | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Methods of Classifying and Evaluating Manual Work | |
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Traditional Methods | |
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Historical Perspective | |
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Traditional Work Analysis System | |
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MTM: An Example of a Predetermined Motion-Time System | |
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Benefits and Limitations in Contemporary Work Analysis Systems | |
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Contemporary Biomechanical Job Analysis | |
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Identification of Musculoskeletal Injury Problems | |
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Analyzing Biomechanical Risk Factors | |
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Specialized Biomechanical Risk Factor Evaluation | |
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Emgs in Job Evaluation | |
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Future Impact of Occupational Biomechanics on Work Analysis Systems | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Manual Material-Handling Limits | |
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Introduction | |
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Lifting Limits in Manual Material Handling | |
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Scope of NIOSH Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting | |
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Basis and Structure of the 1994 NIOSH-Recommended Weight-Lifting Limit | |
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Example of NIOSH RWL Procedure | |
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Comments on the Status of the NIOSH Lifting Guide | |
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Alternative Recommendations for Evaluating Manual Lifting Tasks | |
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Pushing and Pulling Capabilities | |
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Foot-slip Prevention During Pushing and Pulling | |
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Asymmetric Load Handling | |
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Toward a Comprehensive Manual Material-Handling Guide | |
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Recommendations for Improving Manual Material-Handling Tasks | |
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Summary of Manual Material-handling Recommendations and Evaluation Methods | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Guidelines for Work in Sitting Postures | |
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General Considerations Related to Sitting Postures | |
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Anthropometric Aspects of Seated Workers | |
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Comfort | |
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The Spine and Sitting | |
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Clinical Aspects of Sitting Postures | |
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Radiographic Data | |
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Disc Pressure Data During Sitting | |
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Muscle Activity | |
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Sitting Postures and The Spine | |
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The Shoulder and Sitting | |
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The Legs and Sitting | |
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The Sitting Workplace | |
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The Office Chair | |
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The Table in a Seated Workplace | |
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Visual Display Terminal Workstations | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Biomechanical Considerations in Machine Control and Workplace Design | |
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Introduction | |
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Localized Musculoskeletal Injury in Industry | |
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Practical Guidelines for Workplace and Machine Control Layout | |
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Structure-Function Characteristics of the Shoulder Mechanism | |
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Shoulder-Dependent Overhead Reach Limitations | |
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Shoulder- and Arm-Dependent Forward Reach Limits | |
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Neck-Head Posture Work Limitations | |
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Torso Postural Considerations In Workbench Height Limitations | |
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Biomechanical Considerations In The Design Of Computer Workstations | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Hand-Tool Design Guidelines | |
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The Need for Biomechanical Concepts in Design | |
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Shape and Size Considerations | |
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Shape for Avoiding Wrist Deviation | |
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Shape for Avoiding Shoulder Abduction | |
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Shape to Assist Grip | |
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Size of Tool Handle to Facilitate Grip | |
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Finger Clearance Considerations | |
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Gloves | |
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Hand-Tool Weight and Use Considerations | |
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Force Reaction Considerations in Powered Hand-Tool Design | |
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Keyboard Design Considerations | |
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Posture Stress | |
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Keying Exertion Force Repetition | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Guidelines for Whole-Body and Segmental Vibration | |
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Definitions and Measurement | |
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Definitions | |
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Measurement of Vibration | |
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General Effects of Vibration on Human Beings | |
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Whole-Body Vibration | |
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Effects of Low-Frequency Vibration | |
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Effects of Middle-Frequency Vibration | |
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Biomechanical Effects on the Spine | |
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Physiological Responses | |
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Hand-Arm Vibration | |
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Transmission of Vibration in the Upper Extremity | |
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Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome | |
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Sensorimotor Effects | |
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Vibration Exposure Criteria | |
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Whole-Body Vibration Recommendations | |
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Hand-Arm Vibration Recommendations | |
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Control and Prevention | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Worker Selection, Training, and Personal Protective Device Consideration | |
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Worker Selection | |
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Introduction To Worker Selection | |
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History And Physical Examination | |
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Radiographic Preplacement Examination | |
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Quantitative Physical Preplacement Screening | |
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Preplacement Training | |
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General Content of Training | |
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How Workers Should Be Trained | |
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Biomechanical Aspects of Back Belts | |
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Passive Stiffness Effects of Back Belts | |
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Abdominal Pressure Effects of Back Belts | |
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Reduced Torso Mobility Effects Due to Back Belts | |
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Job Rotation and Psychosocial Stress | |
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Summary | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Anatomical and Anthropometric Landmarks as Presented by Webb and Associates | |
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Glossary of Anatomical and Anthropometric Terms | |
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Population Weight and Mass-Center Data | |
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Segment Weight Values Derived from Regression Equations Using Total Body Weight as the Independent Variable | |
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Anatomical Location of Segment Centers of Gravity (Center of Mass) | |
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Segment Moments of Inertia | |
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Joint Center Locations and Link Definitions | |
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Terms and Units of Measurement in Biomechanics | |
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NIOSH 1994 Tables | |
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Push and Pull Fore Tables | |
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Data Gathering-Job Risk Factors | |
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Some General Web Sites that Complement References in Text | |
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Index | |