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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| IPv6 Rationale and Features | |
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| Internet Growth | |
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| IPv4 Addressing | |
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| IPv4 Address Space Utilization | |
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| Network Address Translation | |
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| HTTP Version 1.1 Virtual Hosting | |
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| Variable Length Subnet Mask | |
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| Classless IPv4 | |
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| Provider-based Assignment and Aggregation of IPv4 Network Prefixes | |
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| Constrained Allocation Policy of IPv4 Addresses | |
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| Global Routing | |
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| Summary of Internet Growth | |
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| Real Issues and Trouble with IPv4 | |
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| Deploying Voice over IP | |
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| Deploying IP Security | |
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| Deploying Application Security | |
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| Videoconferencing | |
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| A Simple Web Server at Home | |
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| Using Remote Procedure Calls | |
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| Remote Management of Applications and Servers | |
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| VPN Between Same Address Space | |
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| Deploying Services in the Home Network | |
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| Merging or Connecting Two Networks Together | |
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| Large Networks | |
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| Address Plans and Secondary Addresses | |
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| Provider VPN Address Collisions | |
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| Should IP Addresses be Free? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Architectural Considerations | |
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| Network Address Translator Variations | |
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| Paradigm Shift | |
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| IETF Work Towards IPv6 | |
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| IPv6 Main Features | |
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| IPv6 Milestones | |
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| IPv6 Return on Investment | |
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| What Happened to IPv5? | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| I Can't Wait to Get my Hands Dirty! | |
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| Setup Description | |
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| Steps | |
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| Enabling IPv6 on N2 and N3 | |
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| Two Nodes Talking Already! | |
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| Installing and Configuring the TSP Client on N2 | |
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| Creating an IPv6 in IPv4 Tunnel with Freenet6 | |
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| Testing IPv6 on N2 | |
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| Requesting an IPv6 Prefix Delegation | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| IPv6 Datagram | |
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| Description of the IP Datagram | |
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| IPv4 Header | |
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| IPv6 Header | |
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| Header Fields | |
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| Version | |
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| Traffic Class | |
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| Flow Label | |
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| Payload Length | |
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| Hop Limit | |
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| Next Header | |
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| Extension Headers | |
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| Hop-by-Hop Option | |
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| Routing | |
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| Fragment | |
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| Destination Options | |
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| Authentication and Encapsulating Security Payload | |
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| No Next Header | |
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| Order of the Extension Headers | |
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| Datagram Size | |
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| Maximum Transmission Unit | |
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| Path MTU Discovery | |
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| Fragmentation | |
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| Jumbogram | |
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| Header Compression | |
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| Upper-layer Protocols | |
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| Checksum | |
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| Implications in Application Protocols | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Addressing | |
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| Address Space | |
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| Format of an Address | |
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| Text Representation of Addresses | |
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| Text Representation of Prefixes | |
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| Addresses in URL | |
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| Unicast Addresses | |
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| Global Unicast Addresses | |
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| Scoped Addresses | |
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| Protocol Use Addresses | |
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| Unspecified Address | |
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| Loopback Address | |
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| Multicast Addressing | |
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| Anycast | |
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| Addressing Architecture | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Configuring Node Addresses | |
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| Static Address Configuration | |
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| Address Auto-Configuration | |
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| Interface Identifier | |
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| Router Advertisements and Solicitations | |
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| Lifetime of Advertised Prefixes | |
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| Node Booting Process | |
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| DHCPv6 | |
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| Basic Behavior | |
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| Initial Exchange | |
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| Data Exchange | |
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| DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation | |
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| Differences Between DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 | |
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| Dual Stack DHCP Clients | |
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| Renumbering with DHCP | |
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| Node Addresses | |
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| Configuring Interfaces and Router Advertisements on Hosts and Routers | |
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| Network Example | |
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| FreeBSD | |
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| Linux | |
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| Solaris | |
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| Windows | |
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| Cisco | |
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| Hexago | |
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| Juniper | |
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| Debugging Autoconfiguration and Router Advertisements | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Router Advertisement and Solicitation Message Formats | |
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| DHCP Variables, Addresses and Ports | |
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| References | |
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| Link-layer Integration | |
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| Solicited-Node Multicast Address | |
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| Neighbor Solicitation and Advertisement | |
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| IPv4 Address Resolution Protocol | |
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| IPv6 Differences | |
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| Neighbor Solicitation Process | |
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| Duplicate Address Detection | |
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| Neighbor Cache | |
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| Neighbor Unreachability Detection | |
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| EUI-64 and Neighbor Discovery | |
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| IPv6 over Ethernet | |
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| Frame Identifier | |
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| Multicast | |
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| Ethernet MTU | |
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| Point-to-Point Links | |
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| Multi-link Subnets | |
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| Router Advertisements of the Link MTU | |
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| Managing Neighbors on Hosts and Routers | |
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| FreeBSD | |
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| Linux | |
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| Solaris | |
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| Windows | |
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| Cisco | |
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| Hexago | |
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| Juniper | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Internet Control Message Protocol | |
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| ICMP | |
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| Error Messages | |
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| Informational Messages | |
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| Neighbor Discovery | |
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| Hop Limit Set to 255 | |
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| Managing ICMP on Hosts and Routers | |
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| FreeBSD | |
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| Linux | |
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| Solaris | |
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| Windows | |
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| Cisco | |
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| Hexago | |
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| Juniper | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Naming with DNS and Selecting an Address | |
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| Hostname To IPv6 Address with the AAAA Record | |
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| IPv6 Address To Hostname | |
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| Transport | |
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| DNS Server Discovery | |
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| Node Information Query | |
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| IP Address Selection | |
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| Cofiguring DNS and Address Selection on Hosts and Routers | |
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| Configuring a Unix Client | |
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| Configuring BIND | |
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| Troubleshooting with Dig | |
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| FreeBSD | |
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| Linux | |
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| Solaris | |
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| Windows | |
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| Cisco | |
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| Hexago | |
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| Juniper | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Routing | |
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| Required Router Addresses | |
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| Source Routing with the Routing Header | |
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| Route Redirect | |
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| Static Routes | |
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| RIP | |
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| Changes | |
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| OSPF | |
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| Changes | |
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| Router ID | |
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| Link-State Database | |
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| IS-IS | |
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| Changes | |
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| Multi-topology | |
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| BGP | |
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| Changes | |
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| Router ID | |
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| Link-local Addresses for Peering | |
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| Site Scoped Prefixes in Routes | |
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| Tunneling IPv6 | |
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| Renumbering Routers | |
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| Internet Routing | |
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| Multihoming | |
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| Provider Independent Address Space | |
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| Multiple Prefixes | |
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| Cross-tunnels at Site Exit Routers | |
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| Propagation using Router Renumbering and Advertisements | |
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| Multihoming Work Progress | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Configuring Routing | |
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| Considerations on Using Autoconfiguration for Router Interfaces | |
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| FreeBSD | |
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| Forwarding | |
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| Static Routes | |
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| Route Redirect | |
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| RIP | |
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| Troubleshooting | |
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| Linux | |
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| Forwarding | |
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| Static Routes | |
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| Route Redirect | |
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| Troubleshooting | |
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| Solaris | |
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| Static Routes | |
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| Troubleshooting | |
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| Window | |
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| Forwarding | |
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| Static Routes | |
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| Troubleshooting | |
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| Cisco | |
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| IPv6 Forwarding | |
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| Cisco Express Forwarding | |
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| Prefix Lists | |
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| Static Routes | |
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| Route Redirect | |
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| RIP | |
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| OSPF | |
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| IS-IS | |
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| BGP | |
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| Troubleshooting | |
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| Hexago | |
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| Juniper | |
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| Martian Routes | |
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| Router ID | |
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| Static Routes | |
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| RIP | |
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| OSPF | |
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| IS-IS | |
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| BGP | |
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| Troubleshooting | |
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| Zebra | |
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| Static Routes | |
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| RIP | |
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| OSPF | |
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| BGP | |
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| Troubleshooting | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Mobility | |
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| Overview | |
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| MobileIP Terminology | |
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| Basic MobileIP Process | |
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| Triangle Routing | |
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| Route Optimization | |
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| Handoff | |
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| MobileIP | |
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| Applications are not Aware of Mobility | |
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| Mobile Node is at Home | |
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| Mobile Node is away from Home | |
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| Mobile Node Registering to the Home Agent | |
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| Mobile Node Registering to the Correspondent Nodes | |
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| Mobile Node Sending Packets | |
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| Correspondent Node Sending Packets to the Mobile Node | |
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| Mobile Node is Moving Again | |
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| Mobile Node Comes Back Home | |
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| Securing the Binding Update | |
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| Security Association with Home Agent | |
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| Return Routability Procedure with Correspondent Nodes | |
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| Correspondent Node is Not MobileIP Aware | |
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| Mobile Node Registering to the Correspondent Node | |
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| Mobile Node Sending Packets | |
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| Correspondent Node Sending Packets to the Mobile Node | |
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| Advanced Features | |
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| Fast Handoff | |
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| Home Agent is Not Reachable | |
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| Mobile Networks | |
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| MobileIP Messaging | |
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| Mobility Extension Header | |
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| Home Address Destination Option Extension Header | |
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| Type 2 Routing Header | |
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| ICMP Messages | |
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| Neighbor Discovery | |
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| Deployment Considerations | |
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| Enterprise Network with Mobile Nodes on Most Links | |
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| Security Considerations | |
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| IP Version Centric | |
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| Ubiquitous IP | |
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| Configuring Mobility | |
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| FreeBSD | |
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| Linux | |
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| Solaris | |
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| Windows | |
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| Hexago | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Wireless IP | |
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| Characteristics of Wireless Links | |
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| Header Compression over Limited Bandwidth Link Layers | |
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| TCP Behavior over Wireless | |
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| 3GPP | |
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| 3GPP2 | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Security | |
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| IP Security (IPsec) | |
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| IPsec Transport and Tunnel Modes | |
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| Establishing a Security Association | |
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| AH Header | |
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| ESP Header | |
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| IPsec and IPv4 NAPT | |
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| IPsec and IPv6 | |
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| Secure Shell (SSH) | |
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| Filtering and Firewalls | |
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| ICMP Filtering | |
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| MobileIPv6 | |
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| Network Address/Port Translation | |
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| Temporary Addresses | |
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| More Secure Protocols | |
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| Securing IPv6 on the Link | |
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| Threats and Trust Models for IPv6 on the Link | |
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| Secure Neighbor Discovery | |
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| Is IPv6 More Secure? | |
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| Configuring Security on Hosts and Routers | |
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| FreeBSD | |
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| Windows | |
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| Cisco | |
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| Juniper | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Quality of Service | |
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| IPv5: Streaming Protocol | |
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| Diffserv | |
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| Integrated Services | |
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| RSVP | |
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| Flow Label | |
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| Network Address Translation | |
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| Hardware processing | |
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| Configuring QoS on Hosts and Routers | |
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| FreeBSD | |
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| Linux | |
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| Solaris | |
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| Cisco | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Multicast and Anycast | |
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| Multicast Basics | |
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| Multicast Listener Discovery | |
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| Node Joining a Multicast Group | |
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| Node Leaving a Multicast Group | |
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| Router Verifying Group Membership | |
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| Electing a Router | |
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| Multicast Listener Discovery Version 2 | |
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| Multicast Routing | |
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| Multicast Address Allocation | |
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| Unicast-based Multicast Addressing | |
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| Allocation of Multicast Addresses | |
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| Multicast Reserved Addresses | |
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| Anycast | |
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| Configuring Anycast and Multicast on Hosts and Routers | |
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| FreeBSD | |
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| Linux | |
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| Solaris | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Deploying IPv6 in IPv4 Dominant Networks | |
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| Combined IPv4 and IPv6 Network | |
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| Tunneling IPv6 in IPv4 | |
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| Encapsulation | |
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| Host to Router Encapsulation | |
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| Router to Router Encapsulation | |
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| Static Tunneling | |
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| 6to4 | |
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| ISATAP | |
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| IPv6 in IPv4 Tunneling Considerations | |
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| Encapsulating IPv6 in UDP IPv4 | |
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| Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP) Tunnel Broker | |
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| Teredo | |
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| Tunneling IPv6 in GRE-IPv4 | |
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| Requirements | |
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| Limitations | |
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| Applicability | |
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| Comparing IPv6 in IPv4 Solutions | |
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| Configuring IPv6 in IPv4 Dominant Networks | |
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| Examples | |
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| FreeBSD | |
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| Linux | |
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| Solaris | |
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| Windows | |
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| Cisco | |
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| Hexago | |
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| Juniper | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Deploying IPv6 Dominant Networks with IPv4 Support | |
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| Tunneling IPv4 in IPv6 | |
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| IPv4 in IPv6 Encapsulation | |
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| IPv4 in IPv6 Static Tunnels | |
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| DSTM with DHCPv6 | |
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| TSP Tunnel Broker | |
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| IP Packet and Transport Translation | |
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| Configuring IPv4 in IPv6 Dominant Networks | |
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| FreeBSD | |
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| Solaris | |
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| Cisco | |
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| Hexago | |
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| Juniper | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Migrating with Application Level Gateways | |
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| Application Level Gateway | |
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| Application Specific Proxy | |
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| Considerations of Application Level Gateways | |
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| Summary | |
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| Transport Protocols | |
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| Checksum | |
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| Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) | |
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| Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) | |
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| User Datagram Protocol (UDP) | |
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| Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Network Management | |
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| SNMP Transport | |
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| Management Information Base (MIB) | |
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| Other Management Tools | |
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| Authentication, Authorization and Accounting using RADIUS | |
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| Configuring SNMP on Hosts and Routers | |
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| Cisco | |
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| Hexago | |
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| Juniper | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Porting Applications | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Considerations | |
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| IP Protocol Version Independence | |
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| Multiple Addresses | |
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| Scoped Addresses | |
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| Address Memory Space | |
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| URL and Text Representation of IP Addresses | |
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| Structures | |
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| Struct addrinfo | |
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| Struct sockaddr_in6 | |
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| Struct sockaddr_storage | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Functions | |
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| Getaddrinfo | |
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| Getnameinfo | |
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| Macros | |
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| Change Table | |
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| Best Practice | |
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| Basic Example | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Configuration and Usage of IPv6-enabled Open Source Software | |
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| Apache Web Server | |
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| Sendmail | |
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| Postfix | |
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| SSH | |
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| XFree86 | |
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| MRTG | |
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| Dovecot | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Best Current Practices and Case Studies | |
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| IPv6 Internet Address Space | |
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| IPv6 Address Policy | |
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| IPv6 Address Planning | |
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| Optimal Address Plans | |
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| Numbering Links | |
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| EUI-64 Considerations | |
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| Use of Unique Local Address Space | |
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| Incremental Deployment | |
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| DNS Considerations | |
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| Publishing the AAAA Record | |
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| Publishing Special IPv6 Addresses | |
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| TTL Use | |
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| Routing Considerations | |
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| Topologies | |
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| Policies | |
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| Security Considerations | |
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| End-to-End-Model | |
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| Policies | |
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| Transition Mechanisms | |
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| Special Addresses | |
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| Mail Considerations | |
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| Deploying IPv6 and Connecting to the IPv6 Internet | |
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| Connecting a Single Node | |
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| Connecting a Mobile Node | |
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| Connecting a Home Network | |
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| Connecting a Small Network | |
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| Enterprise and Military Networks | |
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| Provider Networks | |
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| Mobile Networks | |
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| IPv6-only Networks | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
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| |
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| Quick Reference | |
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| Index | |